Lead(II) chloride (PbCl2) is an inorganic compound which is a white solid under ambient conditions. It is poorly soluble in water. Lead(II) chloride is one of the most important lead-based reagents. It also occurs naturally in the form of the mineral cotunnite.
_chloride.jpg)
| |
 The crystal structure of PbCl2, in the unconventional crystallographic setting Pnam. This corresponds to the standard Pnma setting by switching the labels on the b and c axes.
| |
| Names | |
|---|---|
| IUPAC names
Lead(II) chloride
Lead dichloride | |
| Other names | |
| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
|
|
| ChEBI | |
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.028.950 |
| EC Number |
|
PubChem CID
|
|
| UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
|
|
| |
| |
| Properties | |
| PbCl2 | |
| Molar mass | 278.10 g/mol |
| Appearance | white odorless solid |
| Density | 5.85 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 501 °C (934 °F; 774 K) |
| Boiling point | 950 °C (1,740 °F; 1,220 K) |
| 0.99 g/100 mL (20 °C)[1] | |
Solubility product (Ksp)
|
1.7×10−5 (20 °C) |
| Solubility | slightly soluble in dilute HCl, ammonia; insoluble in alcohol Soluble in hot water as well as in presence of alkali hydroxide Soluble in concentrated HCl (>6M) |
| −73.8·10−6 cm3/mol | |
Refractive index (nD)
|
2.199[2] |
| Structure[3] | |
| Orthorhombic, oP12 | |
| Pnma (No. 62) | |
a = 762.040 pm, b = 453.420 pm, c = 904.520 pm
| |
Formula units (Z)
|
4 |
| Thermochemistry | |
Std molar
entropy (S⦵298) |
135.98 J K−1 mol−1 |
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298) |
-359.41 kJ/mol |
| Hazards[5] | |
| GHS labelling: | |
  
| |
| Danger | |
| H302, H332, H351, H360, H372, H410 | |
| P201, P261, P273, P304+P340, P308+P313, P312, P391 | |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |
LDLo (lowest published)
|
140 mg/kg (guinea pig, oral)[4] |
| Related compounds | |
Other anions
|
Lead(II) fluoride Lead(II) bromide Lead(II) iodide |
Other cations
|
Lead(IV) chloride Tin(II) chloride Germanium(II) chloride |
Related compounds
|
Thallium(I) chloride Bismuth chloride |
| Supplementary data page | |
| Lead(II) chloride (data page) | |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
| |
Structure and properties
editIn solid PbCl2, each lead ion is coordinated by nine chloride ions in a tricapped triangular prism formation — six lie at the vertices of a triangular prism and three lie beyond the centers of each rectangular prism face. The 9 chloride ions are not equidistant from the central lead atom, 7 lie at 280–309 pm and 2 at 370 pm.[6] PbCl2 forms white orthorhombic needles.
-
Ball-and-stick model of part of the crystal structure of cotunnite -
-
Coordination geometry of Pb2+ -
Coordination geometry of Cl− -
Coordination polyhedron of Pb2+
In the gas phase, PbCl2 molecules have a bent structure with the Cl–Pb–Cl angle being 98° and each Pb–-Cl bond distance being 2.44 Å.[7] Such PbCl2 is emitted from internal combustion engines that use ethylene chloride-tetraethyllead additives for antiknock purposes.
PbCl2 is sparingly soluble in water, solubility product Ksp = 1.7×10−5 at 20 °C. It is one of only 5 commonly water-insoluble chlorides, the other 4 being thallium(I) chloride, silver chloride (AgCl) with Ksp = 1.8×10−10, copper(I) chloride (CuCl) with Ksp = 1.72×10−7 and mercury(I) chloride (Hg2Cl2) with Ksp = 1.3×10−18.[8][9]
Synthesis
editSolid lead(II) chloride precipitates upon addition of aqueous chloride sources (HCl, NaCl, KCl) to aqueous solutions of lead(II) compounds, such as lead(II) nitrate and lead(II) acetate:
- Pb(NO3)2 + 2 HCl → PbCl2(s) + 2 HNO3
It also forms by treatment of basic lead(II) compounds such as Lead(II) oxide and lead(II) carbonate.
Lead dioxide is reduced by chloride as follows:
- PbO2 + 4 HCl → PbCl2(s) + Cl2 + 2 H2O
It also formed by the oxidation of lead metal by copper(II) chloride:
- Pb + CuCl2 → PbCl2 + Cu
Or most straightforwardly by the action of chlorine gas on lead metal:
- Pb + Cl2 → PbCl2
Reactions
editAddition of chloride ions to a suspension of PbCl2 gives rise to soluble complex ions. In these reactions the additional chloride (or other ligands) break up the chloride bridges that comprise the polymeric framework of solid PbCl2(s).
- PbCl2(s) + Cl− → [PbCl3]−(aq)
- PbCl2(s) + 2 Cl− → [PbCl4]2−(aq)
PbCl2 reacts with molten NaNO2 to give PbO:
- PbCl2(l) + 3 NaNO2 → PbO + NaNO3 + 2 NO + 2 NaCl
PbCl2 is used in synthesis of lead(IV) chloride (PbCl4): Cl2 is bubbled through a saturated solution of PbCl2 in aqueous NH4Cl forming [NH4]2[PbCl6]. The latter is reacted with cold concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) forming PbCl4 as an oil.[10]
Lead(II) chloride is the main precursor for organometallic derivatives of lead, such as plumbocenes.[11] The usual alkylating agents are employed, including Grignard reagents and organolithium compounds:
- 2 PbCl2 + 4 RLi → R4Pb + 4 LiCl + Pb
- 2 PbCl2 + 4 RMgBr → R4Pb + Pb + 4 MgBrCl
- 3 PbCl2 + 6 RMgBr → R3Pb-PbR3 + Pb + 6 MgBrCl[12]
These reactions produce derivatives that are more similar to organosilicon compounds, i.e. that Pb(II) tends to disproportionate upon alkylation.
PbCl2 can be used to produce PbO2 by treating it with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), forming a reddish-brown precipitate of PbO2.
Uses
edit- Molten PbCl2 is used in the synthesis of lead titanate and barium lead titanate ceramics by cation replacement reactions:[13]
- x PbCl2(l) + BaTiO3(s) → Ba1−xPbxTiO3 + x BaCl2
- PbCl2 is used in production of infrared transmitting glass,[14] and ornamental glass called aurene glass. Aurene glass has an iridescent surface formed by spraying with PbCl2 and reheating under controlled conditions. Stannous chloride (SnCl2) is used for the same purpose.[15]
- Pb is used in HCl service even though the PbCl2 formed is slightly soluble in HCl. Addition of 6–25% of antimony (Sb) increases corrosion resistance.[16]
- A basic chloride of lead, PbCl2·Pb(OH)2, is known as Pattinson's white lead and is used as pigment in white paint.[17] Lead paint is now banned as a health hazard in many countries by the White Lead (Painting) Convention, 1921.
- PbCl2 is an intermediate in refining bismuth (Bi) ore. The ore containing Bi, Pb, and Zn is first treated with molten caustic soda to remove traces of arsenic and tellurium. This is followed by the Parkes process to remove any silver and gold present. There are now Bi, Pb, and Zn in the ore. At 500 °C, it receives treatment from Cl2 gas. First, ZnCl2 forms and is excreted. Pure Bi is left behind after PbCl2 forms and is eliminated. Lastly, BiCl3 would form.[18]
Toxicity
editLike other soluble lead compounds, exposure to PbCl2 may cause lead poisoning.
References
edit- ^ NIST-data review 1980 Archived 2014-02-11 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Pradyot Patnaik. Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw-Hill, 2002, ISBN 0-07-049439-8
- ^ Sass, Ronald L.; Brackett, E. B.; Brackett, T. E. (1963). "THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF LEAD CHLORIDE". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 67 (12). American Chemical Society (ACS): 2863–2864. doi:10.1021/j100806a517. ISSN 0022-3654.
- ^ "Lead compounds (as Pb)". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ^ "Classifications - CL Inventory". echa.europa.eu.
- ^ Wells A. F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry 5th edition Oxford Science Publications ISBN 0-19-855370-6
- ^ Hargittai, I; Tremmel, J; Vajda, E; Ishchenko, A; Ivanov, A; Ivashkevich, L; Spiridonov, V (1977). "Two independent gas electron diffraction investigations of the structure of plumbous chloride". Journal of Molecular Structure. 42: 147–151. Bibcode:1977JMoSt..42..147H. doi:10.1016/0022-2860(77)87038-5.
- ^ CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 79th Edition, David R. Lide (Ed), p. 8-108
- ^ Brown, Lemay, Burnsten. Chemistry The Central Science. "Solubility-Product Constants for Compounds at 25 °C". (ed 6, 1994). p. 1017
- ^ Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2004). Inorganic Chemistry (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 365. ISBN 978-0-13-039913-7.
- ^ Lowack, R (1994). "Decasubstituted decaphenylmetallocenes". J. Organomet. Chem. 476: 25–32. doi:10.1016/0022-328X(94)84136-5.
- ^ Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2004). Inorganic Chemistry (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 524. ISBN 978-0-13-039913-7.
- ^ Aboujalil, Almaz; Deloume, Jean-Pierre; Chassagneux, Fernand; Scharff, Jean-Pierre; Durand, Bernard (1998). "Molten salt synthesis of the lead titanate PbTiO3, investigation of the reactivity of various titanium and lead salts with molten alkali-metal nitrites". Journal of Materials Chemistry. 8 (7): 1601. doi:10.1039/a800003d.
- ^ Dictionary of Inorganic and Organometallic Compounds. Lead(II) Chloride.[1]
- ^ Stained Glass Terms and Definitions. aurene glass
- ^ Kirk-Othmer. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (ed 4). p 913
- ^ Perry & Phillips. Handbook of Inorganic Compounds. (1995). p 213
- ^ Kirk-Othmer. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (ed 4). p. 241
External links
edit