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Demographics of Cuba

(Redirected from Languages of Cuba)

The demographic characteristics of Cuba are known through census which have been conducted and analyzed by different bureaus since 1774. The National Office of Statistics of and Information of Cuba (ONEI) is doing it since 1953. The most recent census was conducted in September 2012. The population of Cuba at the 2012 census was nearly 11.2 million.

Demographics of Cuba
Cuba population pyramid (2020)
Population10 055 968 (2023)
Density237 hab./sq mi
91.5 hab./sq km (2023)
Growth rate−0.79% (2002-2022)
Birth rate8.6/1,000 inhabitants (2022 est.)
Death rate10.8 deaths/1,000 inhabitants (2022 est.)
Life expectancy78.0 years (2013 est.)
 • male75.8 years (2013 est.)
 • female80.4 years (2013 est.)
Fertility rate1.41 children/women (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate4.76 deaths/1000 live births (2013 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years15.74% (2021 est.)
15–64 years68.53% (2021 est.)
65 and over15.73% (2021 est.)
Sex ratio
Total0.99 (2013 est.)
At birth1.06 (2013 est.)
Under 151.06 (2013 est.)
15–64 years1.01 (2013 est.)
65 and over0.82 (2013 est.)
Nationality
NationalityCuban
Major ethnic
Minor ethnic
Language
OfficialSpanish
SpokenLucumí

Nevertheless, in July 2024, Juan Carlos Alfonso Fraga, deputy head of the ONEI, presented data on Cuba's effective population to the deputies. According to ONEI data, as of December 31, 2023, the effective Cuban population was 10,055,968 people.[2]

According to the 2012 census, the population density at that time was 101 inhabitants per square kilometer, and the overall life expectancy in Cuba was 78.0 years. The population has always increased from one census to the next in the 20th century, with the exception of the 2012 census, when the count decreased by 10,000. The 2024 data by ONEI seems to corroborate that trend.

Since 1740, Cuba's birth rate has surpassed its death rate; the natural growth rate of the country is positive. Cuba is in the fourth stage of demographic transition. In terms of age structure, the population is dominated (71.1%) by the 15- to 64-year-old segment. The median age of the population is 39.5, making it the oldest in the Americas, and the gender ratio of the total population is 0.99 males per female.

Population

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See also: List of cities in Cuba
Historical population
YearPop.±%
19535,829,029—    
19656,506,198+11.6%
19829,729,896+49.5%
199410,783,748+10.8%
200511,067,743+2.6%
202211,089,511+0.2%
Source: [3]

According to the 2002 census, Cuba's population was 11,177,743, whereas the 2012 census numbered the population at 11,167,325.[4] There was a drop between the 2002 and 2012 censuses which was the first drop in Cuba's population since Cuba's war of independence. This drop was due to low fertility and emigration, as during this time (fiscal years 2003 to 2012), 42,028 Cubans received legal permanent residence in the United States.[5] Consequently, Cuba is also the oldest country in the Americas in terms of median age,[6] due to a high amount of emigration by younger Cubans to the U.S.[7] In the last few years before the end of the wet feet, dry feet policy on January 12, 2017, the number of Cubans moving to the United States significantly outnumbered the natural increase during those years.

Population by subdivisions

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Population and Area by region
Province Area (km²) Area (%) Population Population (%) Density
Cuba total 108,889.02 100 11,117,873 100 101.72
Pinar del Río 10,904.5 9.92 1,078,898 6.50 66.63
Havana 8,475.57 5.22 2,163,824 6.36 124.06
Santiago de Cuba 1,023.8 0.66 1,337,339 19.70 77.6
Holguin 9,293.6 9.44 1,021,591 6.00 56.80

Vital statistics

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Average population[8][9] Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Crude migration change (per 1000) Total fertility rate Infant mortality rate
1948 157,364 40,190 117,174 — —
1949 160,628 40,538 120,090 — —
1950 5,920,000 163,122 39,190 123,932 27.9 6.7 21.2 — —
1951 6,051,000 142,693 40,939 101,754 23.9 6.9 17.0 4.9 — —
1952 6,180,000 143,750 37,221 106,529 23.6 6.1 17.5 3.7 — —
1953 6,305,000 150,000 37,161 112,839 24.2 6.0 18.2 2.0 — —
1954 6,424,000 160,000 35,712 124,288 25.4 5.7 19.7 -0.8 — —
1955 6,539,000 170,000 37,264 132,736 26.5 5.8 20.7 -2.8 — —
1956 6,652,000 170,607 42,811 127,796 27.6 5.6 22.0 -2.3 — —
1957 6,765,000 170,946 46,857 124,089 28.4 6.1 22.3 -1.7 — —
1958 6,881,000 176,510 49,093 127,417 29.7 6.3 23.4 -1.7 — —
1959 7,005,000 191,207 50,865 140,342 29.8 6.4 23.4 -2.4 — —
1960 7,141,000 211,620 42,670 168,950 30.8 6.2 24.6 -4.7 — —
1961 7,290,000 231,811 46,066 185,745 32.9 6.4 26.5 -5.1 — —
1962 7,450,000 249,113 50,621 198,492 35.9 7.1 28.8 -5.3 — —
1963 7,618,000 260,224 49,188 211,036 34.6 6.7 27.9 -5.8 — —
1964 7,787,000 266,554 47,996 218,558 34.8 6.3 28.5 -6.5 — —
1965 7,952,000 263,975 50,027 213,948 34.0 6.5 27.6 -6.3 — —
1966 8,110,000 255,413 50,846 204,567 32.3 6.4 25.9 -5.9 — —
1967 8,264,000 255,311 51,030 204,281 31.7 6.3 25.3 -6.2 — —
1968 8,413,000 246,807 53,920 192,887 30.1 6.6 23.5 -5.3 — —
1969 8,563,000 238,095 55,654 182,441 28.5 6.7 21.8 -3.9 — —
1970 8,715,000 237,019 53,761 183,258 27.8 6.3 21.5 -3.7 — 38.7
1971 8,870,000 256,014 54,109 201,905 29.5 6.2 23.2 -5.4 — 36.1
1972 9,025,000 247,997 48,534 199,463 28.0 5.5 22.5 -5.0 — 28.7
1973 9,176,000 226,005 51,238 174,767 25.1 5.7 19.4 -2.6 — 29.6
1974 9,315,000 203,066 51,724 151,342 22.1 5.6 16.5 -1.3 — 29.3
1975 9,438,000 192,941 50,961 142,958 20.7 5.5 15.4 -.2.1 — 27.5
1976 9,544,000 187,555 53,080 134,475 19.9 5.6 14.3 -3.0 — 23.3
1977 9,634,000 168,960 56,084 112,876 17.8 5.9 11.9 -2.4 — 24.9
1978 9,710,000 148,249 55,100 93,149 15.5 5.8 9.7 -1.8 — 22.4
1979 9,776,000 143,551 54,838 88,713 14.9 5.7 9.2 -2.3 — 19.4
1980 9,835,000 136,900 55,707 81,193 14.1 5.7 8.4 -2.3 — 19.6
1981 9,886,000 136,211 57,941 78,397 13.9 5.9 8.0 -2.8 — 18.5
1982 9,931,000 159,759 56,224 103,274 16.2 5.7 10.5 -5.9 — 17.3
1983 9,975,000 165,284 58,348 106,938 16.6 5.9 10.8 -6.3 — 16.8
1984 10,029,000 166,281 59,801 106,386 16.6 6.0 10.6 -5.3 — 15.0
1985 10,097,000 182,067 64,415 117,637 18.0 6.4 11.6 -4.9 — 16.5
1986 10,184,000 166,049 63,145 102,904 16.3 6.2 10.1 -1.6 — 13.6
1987 10,286,000 179,477 65,079 114,398 17.4 6.3 11.1 -1.2 — 13.3
1988 10,396,000 187,911 67,944 119,967 18.0 6.5 11.5 -1.0 — 11.9
1989 10,504,000 184,891 67,356 117,535 17.6 6.4 11.2 -0.9 — 11.1
1990 10,662,000 186,658 72,144 114,514 17.6 6.8 10.8 4.1 — 10.7
1991 10,756,000 173,896 71,709 102,187 16.3 6.7 9.6 -0.8 — 10.7
1992 10,829,000 157,349 75,457 81,892 14.6 7.0 7.6 -0.8 — 10.2
1993 10,895,000 152,226 78,531 73,695 14.1 7.3 6.8 -0.7 — 9.4
1994 10,912,000 147,265 78,648 68,617 13.5 7.2 6.3 -4.7 — 9.9
1995 10,947,000 147,170 77,937 69,233 13.5 7.1 6.3 -3.1 — 9.4
1996 10,983,000 148,276 79,662 68,614 13.5 7.3 6.2 -3.0 — 7.9
1997 11,033,000 152,681 77,316 75,365 13.8 7.0 6.8 -2.3 — 7.2
1998 11,076,000 151,080 77,565 73,515 13.7 7.0 6.6 -2.8 — 7.1
1999 11,113,000 150,871 79,499 71,372 13.6 7.2 6.4 -3.1 — 6.5
2000 11,146,000 143,528 76,463 67,065 12.9 6.9 6.0 -3.1 — 7.2
2001 11,168,000 138,718 79,395 59,323 12.4 7.1 5.3 -3.3 — 6.2
2002 11,200,000 141,276 73,882 67,394 12.6 6.6 6.0 -3.2 — 6.5
2003 11,215,000 136,795 78,434 58,361 12.2 7.0 5.2 -3.9 — 6.3
2004 11,217,000 127,192 81,110 46,082 11.3 7.2 4.1 -3.9 — 5.8
2005 11,218,000 120,716 84,824 35,892 10.7 7.5 3.2 -3.1 6.2
2006 11,202,000 111,323 80,831 30,492 9.9 7.2 2.7 -4.1 5.3
2007 11,188,000 112,472 81,927 30,545 10.0 7.2 2.7 -4.0 5.3
2008 11,173,000 122,569 86,423 36,146 10.9 7.7 3.2 -4.6 1.60 4.7
2009 11,174,000 130,036 86,943 43,093 11.6 7.7 3.8 -3.8 1.70 4.8
2010 11,167,934 127,746 91,065 36,681 11.4 8.1 3.3 -3.8 1.69 4.5
2011 11,175,423 133,067 87,044 46,023 11.8 7.7 4.1 -3.5 1.77 4.9
2012 11,173,151 125,674 89,372 36,302 11.3 8.0 3.3 -3.5 1.69 4.6
2013 11,210,064 125,880 92,273 33,607 11.2 8.3 2.9 0.3 1.71 4.2
2014 11,238,317 122,643 96,330 26,313 10.9 8.6 2.3 0.2 1.68 4.2
2015 11,239,004 125,064 99,693 25,371 11.1 8.9 2.2 -2.2 1.72 4.3
2016 11,239,224 116,872 99,399 17,473 10.4 8.8 1.6 -1.5 1.63 4.3
2017 11,221,060 114,971 106,941 8,030 10.2 9.5 0.7 -1.7 1.61 4.0
2018 11,209,628 116,333 106,201 10,132 10.4 9.5 0.9 -1.9 1.65 4.0
2019 11,193,470 109,716 109,080 636 9.8 9.7 0.1 -1.5 1.57 5.0
2020 11,181,595 105,038 112,439 -7,401 9.4 10.1 -0.7 -0.4 1.52 4.9
2021 11,113,215 99,096 167,645 -68,549 8.9 15.0 -6.1 0 1.45 7.5
2022 11,089,511 95,403 120,098 -24,695 8.6 10.8 -2.2 0.1 1.41 7.5
2023 10,055,968 90,392 111,739 -21,347 9.0 11.1 -2.1 7.1

Structure of the population

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Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 2012)[10]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 5 570 825 5 596 500 11 167 325 100
0-4 321 422 303 770 625 192 5.60
5-9 305 672 288 427 594 099 5.32
10-14 362 252 341 019 703 271 6.30
15-19 363 986 340 140 704 126 6.31
20-24 426 956 399 702 826 658 7.40
25-29 388 961 366 768 755 729 6.77
30-34 318 339 305 141 623 480 5.58
35-39 421 389 417 242 838 631 7.51
40-44 504 738 510 284 1 015 022 9.09
45-49 511 501 529 712 1 041 213 9.32
50-54 378 808 395 691 774 499 6.94
55-59 302 073 321 940 624 013 5.59
60-64 274 261 290 374 564 635 5.06
65-69 230 423 250 494 480 917 4.31
70-74 182 623 198 274 380 897 3.41
75-79 123 987 140 936 264 923 2.37
80-84 82 067 97 603 179 670 1.61
85+ 71 367 98 983 170 350 1.53
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0-14 989 346 933 216 1 922 562 17.22
15-64 3 891 012 3 876 994 7 768 006 69.56
65+ 690 467 786 290 1 476 757 13.22
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2013):[11]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 5 580 810 5 610 798 11 191 608 100
0-4 321 478 303 526 625 004 5.58
5-9 301 959 284 488 586 447 5.24
10-14 359 531 338 675 698 206 6.24
15-19 363 489 340 163 703 652 6.29
20-24 422 593 395 300 817 893 7.31
25-29 395 116 372 190 767 305 6.86
30-34 323 405 309 400 632 805 5.65
35-39 404 654 400 360 805 014 7.19
40-44 504 560 508 992 1 013 551 9.06
45-49 510 718 528 487 1 039 204 9.29
50-54 397 073 414 802 811 875 7.25
55-59 300 439 320 991 621 430 5.55
60-64 278 891 296 070 574 961 5.14
65-69 233 904 255 751 489 654 4.38
70-74 185 892 202 686 388 578 3.47
75-79 125 408 143 251 268 659 2.40
80-84 81 997 98 823 180 819 1.62
85+ 69 707 96 849 166 556 1.49
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0-14 982 968 926 689 1 909 657 17.06
15-64 3 900 934 3 886 749 7 787 683 69.59
65+ 696 908 797 360 1 494 268 13.35
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2021) (Provisional): [12]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 5 533 579 5 613 825 11 147 405 100
0–4 284 758 265 909 550 667 4.94
5–9 317 987 297 439 615 427 5.52
10–14 302 634 285 574 588 208 5.28
15–19 321 819 304 354 626 173 5.62
20–24 358 731 338 129 696 860 6.25
25–29 366 550 343 788 710 338 6.37
30–34 408 870 386 649 795 519 7.14
35–39 353 346 340 870 694 216 6.23
40–44 322 242 316 024 638 266 5.73
45–49 450 573 454 723 905 296 8.12
50–54 480 598 498 770 979 368 8.79
55–59 462 561 492 306 954 867 8.57
60–64 304 748 333 958 638 706 5.73
65-69 256 611 287 734 544 345 4.88
70-74 210 979 243 047 454 026 4.07
75-79 153 365 186 785 340 151 3.05
80-84 97 694 124 981 222 675 2.00
85-89 48 696 66 613 115 309 1.03
90-94 20 235 30 807 51 042 0.46
95-99 7 092 10 628 17 721 0.16
100+ 3 487 4 731 8 218 0.07
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 905 379 848 922 1 754 301 15.74
15–64 3 830 041 3 809 577 7 639 618 68.53
65+ 798 159 955 326 1 753 485 15.73

Racial groups

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Race census 1774[13] census 1792 census 1817 census 1827 census 1841 census 1861 census 1877 census 1887 census 1899 census 1907
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
White Cubans 96,440 56.2 133,553 48.8 238,910 43.2 311,051 44.2 418,291 41.5 793,484 58.1 981,039 65.0 1,102,889 68.5 1,052,397 66.9 1,428,176 69.7
Afro-Cubans 50,249 29.3 94,380 34.4 221,766 40.1 393,436 55.8 490,305 48.7 537,914 39.4 481,136 31.9 482,176 30.0 234,738 14.9 274,272 13.4
Mestizo 24,931 14.5 46,046 16.8 92,357 16.7 99,028 9.8 270,805 17.2 334,695 16.3
Asian 34,834 2.5 47,116 3.1 24,010 1.5 14,857 1.0 11,837 0.6
Total 171,620 273,979 553,033 704,487 1,007,624 1,366,232 1,509,291 1,609,075 1,572,797 2,048,980
Race census 1919 census 1931 census 1943 census 1953 census 1981 census 2002 census 2012
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
White Cubans 2,088,047 72.2 2,856,956 72.1 3,553,312 74.3 4,243,956 72.8 6,415,468 66.0 7,271,926 65.06 7,160,399 64.12
Mestizo 461,694 16.0 641,337 16.2 743,113 15.6 843,105 12.4 2,125,418 21.9 2,658,675 24.86 2,972,882 26.62
Afro-Cubans 323,117 11.2 437,769 11.0 463,227 9.7 725,311 14.5 1,168,695 12.0 1,126,894 10.08 1,034,044 9.26
Asian 16,146 0.6 26,282 0.7 18,931 0.4 16,657 0.3 14,024 0.1 112,268 1.02
Total 2,889,004 3,962,344 4,778,583 5,829,029 9,723,605 11,177,743 11,167,325
Year White Multiracial (Mulatos/Mestizos) Black
2002[10] 65.06% 24.86% 10.08%
2012[10] 64.12% 26.62% 9.26%
Age group Cuba 100% (percent of the population) White 64,12% (percent in the race/percent in the age group) Black 9,26% (percent in the race/percent in the age group) Mulatto/Mestizo 26,62% (percent in the race/percent in the age group)
Population 11 167 325 7 160 399 1 034 044 2 972 882
0 131 419 (1,18%) 91 432 (1,28%/69,57%) 5 368 (0,52%/4,08%) 34 619 (1,16%/26,34%)
0-4 625 192 (5,60%) 412 604 (5,76%/66,00%) 31 828 (3,08%/5,09%) 180 760 (6,08%/28,91%)
5-9 594 099 (5,32%) 372 304 (5,20%/62,67%) 38 481 (3,72%/6,48%) 183 314 (6,17%/30,86%)
10-14 703 271 (6,30%) 439 406 (6,14%/62,48%) 52 121 (5,04%/7,41%) 211 744 (7,12%/30,11%)
15-19 704 126 (6,31%) 434 944 (6,07%/61,77%) 57 638 (5,57%/8,19%) 211 544 (7,12%/30,04%)
20-24 826 658 (7,40%) 511 488 (7,14%/61,87%) 71 570 (6,92%/8,66%) 243 600 (8,19%/29,47%)
25-29 755 729 (6,77%) 463 004 (6,47%/61,27%) 69 282 (6,70%/9,17%) 223 443 (7,52%/29,57%)
30-34 623 480 (5,58%) 380 742 (5,32%/61,07%) 61 368 (5,93%/9,84%) 181 370 (6,10%/29,09%)
35-39 838 631 (7,51%) 520 668 (7,27%/62,09%) 82 640 (7,99%/9,85%) 235 323 (7,92%/28,06%)
40-44 1 015 022 (9,09%) 635 473 (8,87%/62,61%) 103 827 (10,04%/10,23%) 275 722 (9,27%/27,16%)
45-49 1 041 213 (9,32%) 662 297 (9,25%/63,61%) 111 934 (10,82%/10,75%) 266 982 (8,98%/25,64%)
50-54 774 499 (6,94%) 492 046 (6,87%/63,53%) 85 145 (8,23%/10,99%) 197 308 (6,64%/25,48%)
55-59 624 013 (5,59%) 401 361 (5,61%/64,32%) 68 511 (6,63%/10,98%) 154 141 (5,18%/24,70%)
60-64 564 635 (5,06%) 383 286 (5,35%/67,88%) 58 247 (5,63%/10,32%) 123 102 (4,14%/21,80%)
65-69 480 917 (4,31%) 335 144 (4,68%/69,69%) 46 826 (4,53%/9,74%) 98 947 (3,33%/20,57%)
70-74 380 897 (3,41%) 269 331 (3,76%/70,71%) 36 701 (3,55%/9,64%) 74 865 (2,52%/19,65%)
75-79 264 923 (2,37%) 188 653 (2,63%/71,21%) 25 867 (2,50%/9,76%) 50 403 (1,70%/19,03%)
80-84 179 670 (1,61%) 131 158 (1,83%/73,00%) 17 011 (1,65%/9,47%) 31 501 (1,06%/17,53%)
85+ 170 350 (1,53%) 126 490 (1,77%/74,25%) 15 047 (1,46%/8,83%) 28 813 (0,97%/16,91%)
Age group Cuba (percent of the population) White (percent in the race/percent in the age group) Black (percent in the race/percent in the age group) Mulatto/Mestizo (percent in the race/percent in the age group)
0-14 1 922 562 (17,22%) 1 224 314 (17,10%/63,68%) 122 430 (11,84%/6,37%) 575 818 (19,37%/29,95%)
15-64 7 768 006 (69,56%) 4 885 309 (68,23%/62,89%) 770 162 (74,48%/9,91%) 2 112 535 (71,06%/27,20%)
65+ 1 476 757 (13,22%) 1 050 776 (14,67%/71,15%) 141 452 (13,68%/9,58%) 284 529 (9,57%/19,27%)

Ancestral origins

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Main article: Spanish immigration to Cuba
Official census 1775-1899[14]
White Non-white
Census Number Percentage Number Percentage
1775 96,440 56.2 75,180 43.8
1792 153,559 56.4 118,741 43.6
1817 257,380 45.0 314,983 55.0
1827 311,051 44.2 393,435 55.8
1841 418,291 41.5 589,333 58.5
1861 793,484 56.8 603,046 43.2
1877 1,023,394 67.8 485,897 32.2
1887 1,102,889 67.6 528,798 32.4
1899 1,067,354 67.9 505,443 32.1

According to the previous censuses, the Chinese were counted as white.[15] The ancestry of Cubans comes from many sources:

During the 18th, 19th and early part of the 20th century, large waves of Spanish immigrants from Canary Islands, Catalonia, Andalusia, Galicia, and Asturias emigrated to Cuba. Between 1820 and 1898, a total of 508,455 people left Spain, and more than 750,000 Spanish immigrants left for Cuba between 1899 and 1930, with many returning to Spain.[16] There are 139,851 Spanish citizens living in Cuba as of 1 January 2018.

The Slave trade brought Africans to Cuba during its early history: Between 1842 and 1873, 221,000 African slaves entered Cuba.[16]

People of the Americas:

Other European people that have contributed include:

People from Asia:

Between 1842 and 1873, 124,800 Chinese arrived.[16]

Genetics

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An autosomal study from 2014 has found out the genetic average ancestry in Cuba to be 72% European, 20% African and 8% Native American with different proportions depending on the self-reported ancestry (White, Mulatto or Mestizo, and Black):[17]

Self-reported ancestry European African Native American
White 86% 6.7% 7.8%
Mulatto/Mestizo 63.8% 25.5% 10.7%
Black 29% 65.5% 5.5%

A 1995 study done on the population of Pinar del Rio, found that 50% of the Mt-DNA lineages (female lineages) could be traced back to Europeans, 46% to Africans and 4% to Native Americans. This figure is consistent with both the historical background of the region, and the current demographics of it.[18]

According to another study in 2008, the Native American contribution to present-day Cubans accounted for 33% of the maternal lineages, whereas Africa and Eurasia contributed 45% and 22% of the lineages, respectively. Haplogroup A2 is the main Native American haplogroup in Cuba (21.9% of the total sample), accounting for 67% of the Native American mtDNA gene pool. Regarding Y-chromosome haplogroups (male lineages), 78.8% of the sequences found in Cubans are of West Eurasian origin, 19.7% of African origin and 1.5% of East Asian origin. Among the West Eurasian fraction, the vast majority of individuals belong to West European haplogroup R1b. The African lineages found in Cubans have a Western (haplogroups E1, E2, E1b1a) and Northern (E1b1b-M81) African origin. The "Berber" haplogroup E1b1b1b (E-M81), is found at a frequency of 6.1%.[19]

According to Fregel et al. (2009), the fact that autochthonous male North African E-M81 and female U6 lineages from the Canaries have been detected in Cuba and Iberoamerica, demonstrates that Canary Islanders with indigenous ancestors actively participated in the American colonization.[20]

Y-DNA

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N[21] E-M33 E-M75 E-M2 E1b1b-M35 E1b1b-M78 E1b1b-M81 E1b1b-M123 G I J2 T R1a R1b N/O O-P31
132 0.8% 1.5% 9.8% 1.5% 4.5% 6.1% 1.5% 6.1% 8.3% 6.1% 1.5% 1.5% 50.8% 0.8% 0.8%

mtDNA

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N[21] L U6 A B C D H I1 J* J2a J1b J2 K T* T1a T2 T U* U4 U4a2 U5a V W
245 43.3% 2% 22.4% 2% 5.3% 3.3% 9% 0.4% 2.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.8% 0.4% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 1.2% 0.8% 0.8% 0.4%

Other demographics statistics

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Historical population of Cuba

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2022.[22]

  • One birth every 5 minutes
  • One death every 5 minutes
  • One net migrant every 45 minutes
  • Net loss of one person every 48 minutes

Demographic statistics according to the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.[23]

Population

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11,089,511 (2022)
10,985,974 (2023 est.)

Ethnic groups

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White 64.1%, Mulatto or mixed 26.6%, Black 9.3% (2012 est.)
note: data represent racial self-identification from Cuba's 2012 national census

Age structure

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Population pyramid of Cuba in 2020
0-14 years: 16.34% (male 929,927/female 877,035)
15-24 years: 11.81% (male 678,253/female 627,384)
25-54 years: 41.95% (male 2,335,680/female 2,303,793)
55-64 years: 14.11% (male 760,165/female 799,734)
65 years and over: 15.8% (male 794,743/female 952,348) (2020 est.)
0-14 years: 16.44% (male 940,787 /female 886,996)
15-24 years: 12.1% (male 698,220 /female 646,684)
25-54 years: 43.69% (male 2,443,190 /female 2,414,119)
55-64 years: 12.54% (male 677,304 /female 716,704)
65 years and over: 15.22% (male 773,636 /female 918,756) (2018 est.)

Median age

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total: 42.1 years. Country comparison to the world: 37th
male: 40.2 years
female: 43.8 years (2020 est.)
total: 41.8 years. Country comparison to the world: 36th
male: 40.2 years
female: 43.1 years (2018 est.)

Birth rate

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10.11 births/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 188th
10.6 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 185th

Death rate

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9.29 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 51st
8.9 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 63rd

Total fertility rate

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1.71 children born/woman (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 163rd
1.71 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 170th

Net migration rate

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-2.92 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 180th
-4.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 188th

Population growth rate

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-0.21% (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 211st
-0.27% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 215th

Contraceptive prevalence rate

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69% (2019)

Religions

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Christian 58.9%, folk religion 17.6%, Buddhist <1%, Hindu <1%, Jewish <1%, Muslim <1%, other <1%, none 23.2% (2020 est.)
note: folk religions include religions of African origin, spiritualism, and others intermingled with Catholicism or Protestantism; data is estimative because no authoritative source on religious affiliation exists for Cuba

Dependency ratio

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total dependency ratio: 43.3 (2015 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 23.3 (2015 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 19.9 (2015 est.)
potential support ratio: 5 (2015 est.)

Urbanization

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urban population: 77.4% of total population (2022)
rate of urbanization: 0.19% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

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Life expectancy in Cuba since 1899
 
Life expectancy in Cuba since 1960 by gender
total population: 79.64 years. Country comparison to the world: 59th
male: 77.29 years
female: 82.14 years (2022 est.)
total population: 78.9 years. Country comparison to the world: 56th
male: 76.6 years
female: 81.4 years (2018 est.)

Major infectious diseases

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degree of risk: intermediate (2020)
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever

Literacy

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definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2015 est.)

total population: 99.8%
male: 99.9%
female: 99.8% (2015 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

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total: 14 years
male: 14 years
female: 15 years (2020)

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24

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total: 6.1%. Country comparison to the world: 150th
male: 6.4%
female: 5.6% (2010 est.)

Languages

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Spanish (official)

Language

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See also: Cuban Spanish

Spanish is the official language of Cuba. Of all the regional variations of Spanish, Cuban Spanish is most similar to, and originates largely from, the dialect spoken in the Canary Islands. This is a consequence of Canarian migration, which in the 19th and early 20th century was heavy and continuous. There were also migrations of Galicians and Asturians as well, but they did not impact Cuban Spanish to the same degree.

Much of the typical Cuban replacements for standard Spanish vocabulary stems from Canarian lexicon. For example, guagua (bus) differs from standard Spanish autobús the former originated in the Canaries and is an onomatopoeia stemming from the sound of a Klaxon horn (wah-wah!). An example of Canarian usage for a Spanish word is the verb fajarse[24] ("to fight"). In standard Spanish the verb would be pelearse, while fajar exists as a non-reflexive verb related to the hemming of a skirt.

The second most spoken language of Cuba is Haitian Creole, used mainly by Haitian immigrants and its descendants going back since the late 18th century, of whom fled the Haitian Revolution.

Other languages of Cuba are Cuban Sign Language, and English is commonly studied as a foreign language.

There are also reports of Lucumi, "Lengua Conga" (Kongo-based liturgical language of the Palo religion) and Bozal Spanish (an "African" socio-dialect of Spanish; now used only in folk religion).[25] Historically, the Ciboney and Classic dialects of Taino and the unattested Guanahatabey were spoken.

Religion

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Main article: Religion in Cuba

Cuba has a multitude of faiths reflecting the island's diverse cultural elements. Catholicism, which was brought to the island by Spanish colonialists at the beginning of the 16th century, is the most prevalent professed faith. After the revolution, Cuba became an officially atheistic state and restricted religious practice. Since the Fourth Cuban Communist Party Congress in 1991, restrictions have been eased and, according to the National Catholic Observer, direct challenges by state institutions to the right to religion have all but disappeared,[26] though the Church still faces restrictions of written and electronic communication, and can only accept donations from state-approved funding sources.[26] The Roman Catholic Church is made up of the Cuban Catholic Bishops' Conference (COCC), led by Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino, Cardinal Archbishop of Havana.[citation needed] It has eleven dioceses, 56 orders of nuns and 24 orders of priests. In January 1998, Pope John Paul II paid a historic visit to the island, invited by the Cuban government and Catholic Church.

Afro-Cuban religions, a blend of native African religions and Roman Catholicism, are widely practiced in Cuba. This diversity derives from West and Central Africans who were transported to Cuba, and in effect reinvented their African religions. They did so by combining them with elements of the Catholic belief system, with a result very similar to Brazil. One of these Afro-Cuban religions is Santeria.

Protestantism, introduced from the United States in the 18th century, has seen a steady increase in popularity. 300,000 Cubans belong to the island's 54 Protestant denominations. Pentecostalism has grown rapidly in recent years, and the Assemblies of God alone claims a membership of over 167 000 people. The Episcopal Church of Cuba claims 10,000 adherents. Cuba has small communities of Jews, Muslims, Buddhists and members of the Baháʼí Faith.

Demographic statistics from the CIA World Factbook

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Demographic statistics from the CIA World Factbook[23]
Age structure
0-14 years: 15.96% (male 904,800/female 855,309)
15-24 years: 13.29% (male 752,160/female 714,384)
25-54 years: 47.16% (male 2,620,536/female 2,581,344)
55-64 years: 10.65% (male 562,207/female 612,438)
65 years and over: 12.95% (male 639,515/female 788,740) (2015 est.)
Median age:
Total: 42.3 years (2023 est.) (See List of countries by median age.)
Male: 40.2 years (2020 est.)
Female: 43.8 years (2020 est.)
Sex ratio
At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female
Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 78.39 years
Male: 76.08 years
Female: 80.84 years (2015 est.)
Ethnic groups
Whites: 64.1%
Mestizo: 26.6%
Blacks: 9.3%
Religions
Christian: 58.9%
Folk religion: 17.6%
Buddhist: <1%
Hindu: <1%
Jewish: <1%
Muslim: <1%
Other: <1%
None: 23.2%
Languages
Spanish (official)
Literacy Total population:99.8% (2002 census)
Male: 99.9%
Female: 99.8%

Definition: age 15 and over can read and write

Illicit migration is a continuing problem. Cubans attempt to depart the island and enter the US using homemade rafts, alien smugglers, direct flights, or falsified visas; Cubans also use non-maritime routes to enter the US including direct flights to Miami and overland via the southwest US/Mexican border, and islands adjacent to Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). www.one.cu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  2. ^ "Cuba en datos: Hoy somos menos de 10 millones de cubanos residentes". Cubadebate. 19 July 2024. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
  3. ^ "Censos en Cuba" [Census in Cuba] (PDF) (in Spanish). National Office of Statistics of Cuba. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  4. ^ "Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas. Cuba". One.cu. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  5. ^ "PERSONS OBTAINING LEGAL PERMANENT RESIDENT STATUS BY REGION AND COUNTRY OF BIRTH: FISCAL YEARS 2003 TO 2012" (XLS). Dhs.gov. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  6. ^ "Average age by country". Worlddata.info.
  7. ^ "An American Reporter from Cuba, Talking about Cuba". Q & A, Hosted by Jay Nordlinger. July 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  8. ^ [1] United nations. Demographic Yearbooks
  9. ^ Estadísticas, Oficina Nacional de (28 April 2006). "Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas. Cuba". One.cu. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  10. ^ a b c "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  11. ^ "United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics". Unstats.un.org. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  12. ^ "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  13. ^ "El Color de la Piel según el Censo de Población y Viviendas" (PDF). Cuba Statistics and Information. pp. 17–18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2022.
  14. ^ "Report on the Census of Cuba, 1899 :: Census of Cuba 1899". Digital.tcl.sc.edu. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  15. ^ "Report on the Census of Cuba, Census of Cuba 1899". Digital.tcl.sc.edu. p. 81. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  16. ^ a b c "EIAL IV2 - La inmigración a Cuba: 1902-1933". www.tau.ac.il. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017.
  17. ^ Marcheco-Teruel et al. 2014, Cuba: Exploring the History of Admixture and the Genetic Basis of Pigmentation Using Autosomal and Uniparental Markers
  18. ^ Torroni, Antonio; Brown, Michael D.; Lott, Marie T.; Newman, Nancy J.; Wallace, Douglas C. (1995). "African, Native American, and European mitochondrial DNAs in Cubans from Pinar del Rio Province and implications for the recent epidemic neuropathy in Cuba". Human Mutation. 5 (4): 310–7. doi:10.1002/humu.1380050407. PMID 7627185. S2CID 24434505.
  19. ^ Y-chromosome haplogroup frequencies found in Cuba (132 individuals) grouped according to their phylogeographic origin Mendizabal, I; Sandoval, K; Berniell-Lee, G; et al. (2008). "Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba". BMC Evol. Biol. 8 (1): 213. Bibcode:2008BMCEE...8..213M. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-213. PMC 2492877. PMID 18644108.
  20. ^ Fregel, Rosa; Gomes, Verónica; Gusmão, Leonor; González, Ana M; Cabrera, Vicente M; Amorim, António; Larruga, Jose M; et al. (2009). "Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9 (1): 181. Bibcode:2009BMCEE...9..181F. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-181. PMC 2728732. PMID 19650893.
  21. ^ a b Mendizabal et al (2008).Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba
  22. ^ "Cuba Population 2022", World Population Review
  23. ^ a b "World Factbook CENTRAL AMERICA : CUBA", The World Factbook, 2022   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  24. ^ fajar at Diccionario de la Real Academia Española.
  25. ^ Wirtz, Kristina. 2014. Performing Afro-Cuba: Image, Voice, Spectacle in the Making of Race and History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-11905-2
  26. ^ a b Catholic church in Cuba strives to reestablish the faith Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine National Catholic Observer
  This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA. (Archived 2006 edition.)
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