Wikipedia

Langbeinites

Langbeinites are a family of crystalline substances based on the structure of langbeinite with general formula M2M'2(SO4)3, where M is a large univalent cation (such as potassium, rubidium, caesium, or ammonium), and M' is a small divalent cation (for example, magnesium, calcium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc or cadmium). The sulfate group, SO2−4, can be substituted by other tetrahedral anions with a double negative charge such as tetrafluoroberyllate (BeF2−4), selenate (SeO2−4), chromate (CrO2−4), molybdate (MoO2−4), or tungstates. Although monofluorophosphates are predicted, they have not been described. By redistributing charges other anions with the same shape such as phosphate also form langbeinite structures. In these the M' atom must have a greater charge to balance the extra three negative charges.

At higher temperatures the crystal structure is cubic P213.[1] However, the crystal structure may change to lower symmetries at lower temperatures, for example, P21, P1, or P212121.[1] Usually this temperature is well below room temperature, but in a few cases the substance must be heated to acquire the cubic structure.

Crystal structure

edit

The crystal structures of langbeinites consist of a network of oxygen vertex-connected tetrahedral polyanions (such as sulfate) and distorted metal ion-oxygen octahedra.[2] The unit cell contains four formula units. In the cubic form the tetrahedral anions are slightly rotated from the main crystal axes. When cooled, this rotation disappears and the tetrahedra align, resulting in lower energy as well as lower crystal symmetry.

Examples

edit

Sulfates include dithallium dicadmium sulfate,[3] dirubidium dicadmium sulfate,[4] dipotassium dicadmium sulfate,[5] dithallium manganese sulfate,[6] and dirubidium dicalcium trisulfate.[7]

Selenates include diammonium dimanganese selenate.[1] A diammonium dicadmium selenate langbeinite could not be crystallised from water, but a trihydrate exists.[8]

Chromate based langbeinites include dicaesium dimanganese chromate.[1]

Molybdates include Rb2Co2(MoO4)3.[1] Potassium members are absent, as are zinc and copper containing solids, which all crystallize in different forms. Manganese, magnesium, cadmium and some nickel double molybdates exist as langbeinites.[9]

Double tungstates of the form A2B2(WO4)3 are predicted to exist in the langbeinite form.[10]

An examples with tetrafluroberyllate is dipotassium dimanganese tetrafluoroberyllate (K2Mn2(BeF4)3).[11] Other tetrafluoroberyllates may include: Rb2Mg2(BeF4)3; Tl2Mg2(BeF4)3; Rb2Mn2(BeF4)3; Tl2Mn2(BeF4)3; Rb2Ni2(BeF4)3; Tl2Ni2(BeF4)3; Rb2Zn2(BeF4)3; Tl2Zn2(BeF4)3; Cs2Ca2(BeF4)3; Rb2Ca2(BeF4)3; RbCsMnCd(BeF4)3; Cs2MnCd(BeF4)3; RbCsCd2(BeF4)3; Cs2Cd2(BeF4)3; Tl2Cd2(BeF4)3; (NH4)2Cd2(BeF4)3; KRbMnCd(BeF4)3; K2MnCd(BeF4)3; Rb2MnCd(BeF4)3; Rb2Cd2(BeF4)3; RbCsCo2(BeF4)3; (NH4)2Co2(BeF4)3; K2Co2(BeF4)3; Rb2Co2(BeF4)3; Tl2Co2(BeF4)3; RbCsMn2(BeF4)3; Cs2Mn2(BeF4)3; RbCsZn2(BeF4)3; (NH4)2Mg2(BeF4)3; (NH4)2Mn2(BeF4)3; (NH4)2Ni2(BeF4)3; (NH4)2Zn2(BeF4)3;KRbMg2(BeF4)3; K2Mg2(BeF4)3; KRbMn2(BeF4)3; K2Ni2(BeF4)3; K2Zn2(BeF4)3.[12]

The phosphate containing langbeinites were found in 1972 with the discovery of KTi2(PO4)3, and since then a few more phosphates that also contain titanium have been found such as Na2FeTi(PO4)3 and Na2CrTi(PO4)3. By substituting metals in A2MTi(PO4)3, A from (K, Rb, Cs), and M from (Cr, Fe, V), other langbeinites are made. The NASICON-type structure competes for these kinds of phosphates, so not all possibilities are langbeinites.[1] Other phosphate based substances include K2YTi(PO4)3, K2ErTi(PO4)3, K2YbTi(PO4)3, K2CrTi(PO4)3,[1] K2AlSn(PO4)3,[13] KRbYbTi(PO4)3.[14] Sodium barium diiron tris-(phosphate) (NaBaFe2(PO4)3) is yet another variation with the same structure but differently charged ions.[15] Most phosphates of this kind of formula do not form langbeinites, instead crystallise in the NASICON structure with archetype Na3Zr2(PO4)(SiO4)2.[1]

A langbeinite with arsenate is known to exist by way of K2ScSn(AsO4)3.[16]

Properties

edit

Physical properties

edit

Langbeinite-family crystals can show ferroelectric or ferroelastic properties.[1] Diammonium dicadmium sulfate identified by Jona and Pepinsky[17] with a unit cell size of 10.35 Å becomes ferroelectric when the temperature drops below 95 K.[18] The phase transition temperature is not fixed, and can vary depending on the crystal or history of temperature change. So for example the phase transition in diammonium dicadmium sulfate can occur between 89 and 95 K.[19] Under pressure the highest phase transition temperature increases. ∂T/∂P = 0.0035 degrees/bar. At 824 bars there is a triple point with yet another transition diverging at a slope of ∂T/∂P = 0.103 degrees/bar.[20] For dipotassium dimanganese sulfate pressure causes the transition to rise at the rate of 6.86 °C/kbar. The latent heat of the transition is 456 cal/mol.[21]

Dithallium dicadmium sulfate was shown to be ferroelectric in 1972.[22]

Dipotassium dicadmium sulfate is thermoluminescent with stronger outputs of light at 350 and 475 K. This light output can be boosted forty times with a trace amount of samarium.[23] Dipotassium dimagnesium sulfate doped with dysprosium develops thermoluminescence and mechanoluminescence after being irradiated with gamma rays.[24] Since gamma rays occur naturally, this radiation induced thermoluminescence can be used to date evaporites in which langbeinite can be a constituent.[25]

At higher temperatures the crystals take on cubic form, whereas at the lowest temperatures they can transform to an orthorhombic crystal group. For some types there are two more phases, and as the crystal is cooled it goes from cubic, to monoclinic, to triclinic to orthorhombic. This change to higher symmetry on cooling is very unusual in solids.[26] For some langbeinites only the cubic form is known, but that may be because it has not been studied at low enough temperatures yet. Those that have three phase transitions go through these crystallographic point groups: P213 – P21 – P1 – P212121, whereas the single phase change crystals only have P213 – P212121.

K2Cd2(SO4)3 has a transition temperature above room temperature, so that it is ferroelectric in standard conditions. The orthorhombic cell size is a=10.2082 Å, b=10.2837 Å, c=10.1661 Å.[27]

Where the crystals change phase there is a discontinuity in the heat capacity. The transitions may show thermal hysteresis.[28]

Different cations can be substituted so that for example K2Cd2(SO4)3 and Tl2Cd2(SO4)3 can form solid solutions for all ratios of thallium and potassium. Properties such as the phase transition temperature and unit cell sizes vary smoothly with the composition.[29]

Langbeinites containing transition metals can be coloured. For example, cobalt langbeinite shows a broad absorption around 555 nm due to the cobalt 4T1g(F)→4T1g(P) electronic transition.[30]

The enthalpy of formation (ΔfHm) for solid (NH4)2Cd2(SO4)3 at 298.2 K is −3031.74±0.08 kJ/mol, and for K2Cd2(SO4)3 it is −3305.52±0.17 kJ/mol.[31]

Sulfates

edit
Properties of langbeinites with sulfate anions
Formula Weight (g/mol) Comment / Symmetries Transition temperature (K) Density Cell size (Å) Refractive index
1 2 3[32]
Na2Mg2(SO4)3 382.78 3 phases, 1–2, >3 250 350 575[33]
K2Mg2(SO4)3 414.99 4 phases langbeinite 51 54.9 63.8 2.832[34] 9.9211[35] 1.536[36]
Rb2Mg2(SO4)3 507.73 made 3.367[37] 10.0051[38] 1.556[38]
Cs2Mg2(SO4)3 602.61 no compound[10]
(NH4)2Mg2(SO4)3 372.87 Efremovite[39] 241[40] 220[40] 2.49[41] 9.979[41]
Tl2Mg2(SO4)3 745.56 ≥3 phase 227.8[40] 330.8[40]
K2CaMg(SO4)3 430.77 made 2.723[42] 10.1662[42] 1.525[42]
K2Ca2(SO4)3 446.54 4 phases calciolangbeinite[43][44][45] 457 2.69 2.683[46] 10.429Å a=10.334 b=10.501 c=10.186 Nα=1.522 Nβ=1.526 Nγ=1.527
Rb2Ca2(SO4)3 539.28 2 phases 183 3.034[47] 10.5687[47] 1.520[47]
Cs2Ca2(SO4)3 634.15 3.417[48][49] 10.7213 1.549
Tl2Ca2(SO4)3 no compound[10]
(NH4)2Ca2(SO4)3 404.42 made 158 2.297[50] 10.5360[51] 1.532[51]
(NH4)2V2(SO4)3 colour clear green[52] 2.76[53] 10.089[52]
K2Mn2(SO4)3 476.26 manganolangbeinite[54]
2 phases
pale pink[55] 		191 3.02[35] 10.014[35]
(orthorhombic)
a=10.081, b=10.108, c=10.048 Å[56] 		1.576[55]
Rb2Mn2(SO4)3 569 made[57] 3.546[58] 10.2147[58] 1.590[58]
Cs2Mn2(SO4)3 663.87 predicted[10]
(NH4)2Mn2(SO4)2 434.14 made 2.72[41] 10.1908[59]
Tl2Mn2(SO4)3 806.83 made 5.015[60] 10.2236[60] 1.722[60]
K2Fe2(SO4)3 478.07 made ?130
Rb2Fe2(SO4)3 predicted[10]
Tl2Fe2(SO4)3 808.64 exists[10]
(NH4)2Fe2(SO4)3[52] 435.95 mineral ferroefremovite 2.84[41] 10.068[41] 1.574[61]
K2Co2(SO4)3 484.25 2 phases
deep purple 		126 3.280[34] 9.9313[35] 1.608[62]
Rb2Co2(SO4)3 576.99 made 3.807[63] 10.0204[63] 1.602[63]
Cs2Co2(SO4)3 671.87
(NH4)2Co2(SO4)3 442.13 made 2.94[41] 9.997[41]
Tl2Co2(SO4)3 813.82 made 5.361[64] 10.0312 1.775
K2Ni2(SO4)3 483.77 made[65] light greenish yellow[66] 3.369[34] 9.8436[66] 1.620[66]
Rb2Ni2(SO4)3 576.51 made 3.921[67] 9.9217[67] 1.636[67]
Cs2Ni2(SO4)3 671.39 predicted[10]
(NH4)2Ni2(SO4)3 441.65 made[65] 160 3.02[41] 9.904[41]
Tl2Ni2(SO4)3 814.34 predicted[10]
Rb2Cu2(S04)3 predicted[10]
Cs2Cu2(S04)3 predict not[10]
Tl2Cu2(S04)3 predicted[10]
K2Zn2(SO4)3 497.1 4 phases 75 138 3.376[34] 9.9247[68] 1.592[68]
Rb2Zn2(S04)3 predicted[10]
Cs2Zn2(S04)3 predict not[10]
Tl2Zn2(S04)3 predicted[10]
K2Cd2(SO4)3 591.21 2 phases 432 2.615 3.677[69] a=10.212 b=10.280 c=10.171 Nα=1.588 Nγ=1.592
Rb2Cd2(SO4)3 683.95 4 phases 66 103 129 4.060[35][70] 10.3810[35][70] 1.590[70]
(NH4)2Cd2(SO4)3 549.09 4 phases 95 3.288[35] 10.3511[35]
Tl2Cd2(SO4)3 921.78 4 phases 92 120 132 5.467[35] 10.3841[35] 1.730[71]

Fluoroberyllates

edit
Properties of langbeinites with fluoroberyllate (BeF2−4) anion
Formula Weight (g/mol) Cell size (Å) Volume Density Comment
K2Mn2(BeF4)3[11] 4 phases transition at 213
K2Mg2(BeF4)3[72] 9.875 962.8 1.59
(NH4)2Mg2(BeF4)3[72] 9.968 1.37
KRbMg2(BeF4)3[72] 9.933 1.72
Rb2Mg2(BeF4)3[72] 9.971 1.91
Tl2Mg2(BeF4)3[72] 9.997 2.85
K2Ni2(BeF4)3[72] 9.888 1.86
Rb2Ni2(BeF4)3[72] 9.974 2.19
Tl2Ni2(BeF4)3[72] 9.993 3.13
K2Co2(BeF4)3[72] 9.963 988 1.82
(NH4)2Co2(BeF4)3[72] 10.052 1.61
Rb2Co2(BeF4)3[72] 10.061 2.14
Tl2Co2(BeF4)3[72] 10.078 3.05
RbCsCo2(BeF4)3[72] 10.115 2.28
K2Zn2(BeF4)3[72] 9.932 1.89
(NH4)Zn2(BeF4)3[72] 10.036 1.67
Rb2Zn2(BeF4)3[72] 10.035 2.20
Tl2Zn2(BeF4)3[72] 10.060 3.14
RbCsZn2(BeF4)3[72] 10.102 2.36
K2Mn2(BeF4)3[72] 10.102 1.72
KRbMn2(BeF4)3[72] 10.187 1.82
(NH4)2Mn2(BeF4)3[72] 10.217 1.50
Rb2Mn2(BeF4)3[72] 10.243 2.00
Tl2Mn2(BeF4)3[72] 10.255 2.87
RbCsMn2(BeF4)3[72] 10.327 2.12
Cs2Mn2(BeF4)3[72] 10.376 2.26
K2MnCd(BeF4)3[72] 10.133 1.92
KRbMnCd(BeF4)3[72] 10.220 2.04
Rb2MnCd(BeF4)3[72] 10.133 1.92
RbCsMnCd(BeF4)3[72] 10.380 2.28
Cs2MnCd(BeF4)3[72] 10.451 2.41
(NH4)2Cd2(BeF4)3[72] 10.342 1.87
Rb2Cd2(BeF4)3[72] 10.385 2.32
Tl2Cd2(BeF4)3[72] 10.402 3.16
RbCsCd2(BeF4)3[72] 10.474 2.43
Cs2Cd2(BeF4)3[72] 10.558 2.53
RbCsCdCa(BeF4)3[72] 10.501 2.15
Rb2Ca2(BeF4)3[72] 10.480 1.74
RbCsCa2(BeF4)3[72] 10.583 1.86
Cs2Ca2(BeF4)3[72] 10.672 1.98
Cs2Mg2(BeF4)3 does not exist[72]

Phosphates

edit
Properties of langbeinites with phosphate (PO2−4) anion
Formula Weight (g/mol) Cell size (Å) Density Comment ref
LiCs2Y2(PO4)3 735.48 10.5945 4.108 [73]
LiRb2Y2(PO4)3 non-linear optical [74]
K2YTi(PO4)3 578.25 10.1053 3.192 [1]
K2ErTi(PO4)3 584.03 10.094 3.722 [1]
K2YbTi(PO4)3 499.89 10.1318 3.772 [1]
K2CrTi(PO4)3 462.98 9.8001 3.267 [1]
(NH4)(H3O)TiIIITiIV(PO4)3 417.71 9.9384 [75]
K2Ti2(PO4)3 458.84 9.8688 Also K2−x; dark blue [76]
Rb2Ti2(PO4)3 551.58 9.9115 [76]
Tl2Ti2(PO4)3 789.41 9.9386 [76]
Na2FeTi(PO4)3 9.837 [77]
Na2CrTi(PO4)3 9.775 [77]
K2Mn0.5Ti1.5(PO4)3 9.903 3.162 dark brown [78]
K2Co0.5Ti1.5(PO4)3 9.844 3.233 dark brown [78]
Rb4NiTi3(PO4)6 1113.99÷2 9.9386 [79]
K2AlTi(PO4)3 437.96 9.7641 3.125 colourless [80]
K2TiYb(PO4)3 [81]
Li2Zr2(PO4)3 481.24 [82]
NaZr2(PO4)3 980,71 10.2088 3.06125 negative thermal expansion 25-500 °C [83]
K2(Ce, ..., Lu)Zr(PO4)3 594.45...629.3 10.29668 [84]
Rb2FeZr(PO4)3 602.92 10.1199 [85]
K2FeZr(PO4)3 510.18 10.0554 dark grey Note Na2FeZr(PO4)3 is not a langbeinite. [86][87]
K2YZr(PO4)3 543.24 10.3346 random Y and Zr [88]
K2GdZr(PO4)3 611.58 10.3457 random Gd and Zr [88]
K2YHf(PO4)3 630.51 10.3075 3.824 [89]
Li(H2O)2Hf2(PO4)3 684.87 10.1993 [90]
K2BiHf(PO4)3 750.58 [91]
Li(H2O)2Zr2(PO4)3 510.33 10.2417 [82]
K2AlSn(PO4)3 508.78 9.798 [13]
K2CrSn(PO4)3 9.8741 [citation needed]
K2InSn(PO4)3 10.0460 [citation needed]
K2FeSn(PO4)3 9.921 [citation needed]
K2YbSn(PO4)3 10.150 [citation needed]
K4Al3Ta(PO4)6 988.11 9.7262 [92]
K4Cr3Ta(PO4)6 1063.16 9.8315 [92]
K4Fe3Ta(PO4)6 1074.70 9.9092 [92]
K4Tb3Ta(PO4)6 10.3262 [93]
K4Ga3Ta(PO4)6 [94]
K4Gd3Ta(PO4)6 [94]
K4Dy3Ta(PO4)6 [94]
K4Ho3Ta(PO4)6 [94]
K4Er3Ta(PO4)6 [94]
K4Yb3Ta(PO4)6 [94]
Rb4Ga3Ta(PO4)6 [94]
Rb4Gd3Ta(PO4)6 [94]
Rb4Dy3Ta(PO4)6 [94]
Rb4Ho3Ta(PO4)6 [94]
Rb4Er3Ta(PO4)6 [94]
Rb4Yb3Ta(PO4)6 [94]
K4Fe3Nb(PO4)6 986.66 9.9092 [92]
KBaEr2(PO4)3 795.857 [95]
RbBaEr2(PO4)3 842.227 [95]
CsBaEr2(PO4)3 889.665 [95]
(Rb,Cs)2(Pr,Er)Zr(PO4)3 [95]
KCsFeZrP3O12 603.99 10.103 [96]
CaFe3O(PO4)3 508.53 [97]
SrFe3O(PO4)3 556.1 [97]
PbFe3O(PO4)3 675.6 [97]
KSrFe2(PO4)3 523.32 9.809 3.68 yellowish [98]
Pb1.5VIV2(PO4)3 697.6 9.7818 4.912 [99]
K2TiV(PO4)3 9.855 green [100]
BaTiV(PO4)3 9.922 3.54 at high temperature > 950 °C dark grey [100]
KBaV2(PO4)3 9.873 greenish yellow [100]
Ba1.5V2(PO4)3 9.884 grey [100]
Ba1.5Fe3+2(PO4)3[101][102] 602.59
KSrSc2(PO4)3[103] 501.54
Rb0.743K0.845Co0.293Ti1.707(PO4)3[104] 9.8527
K2BiZr(PO4)6[105] 663.32 10.3036
KBaSc2(PO4)3[106] 503.25
KBaIn2(PO4)3[107]
KBaRZrP2SiO12[2] R = La, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Y
KBaYSnP2SiO12[2] 666.07
KBaFe2(PO4)3[108] 525.03 9.8732 (at 4 K)
KBaCr2(PO4)3[109] 517.33 9.7890
Rb2FeTi(PO4)3[110] 511.56 9.8892 Na2FeTi(PO4)3 has NZP structure[87]
KBaMgTi(PO4)3[111] 485.51 9.914 KSrMgTi crystallises in kosnarite form
KPbMgTi(PO4)3[111] 555.39 9.8540 KSrMgTi in kosnarite form
RbBaMgTi(PO4)3 9.954 531.88 CsBa does not form [111]
RbPbMgTi(PO4)3 601.76 9.9090 CsPb does not form [111]
KSrMgZr(PO4)3 479.16 10.165 [111]
KPbMgZr(PO4)3 598.74 10.111 [111]
KBaMgZr(PO4)3 528.87 10.106 [111]
RbSrMgZr(PO4)3 525.53 10.218 [111]
RbPbMgZr(PO4)3 645.11 10.178 [111]
RbBaMgZr(PO4)3 575.24 10.178 [111]
CsSrMgZr(PO4)3 572.97 10.561 over 1250 °C forms kosnarite phase [111]
Ba3In4(PO4)6 10.1129 [112]
Ba3V4(PO4)6 1185.58 9.8825 4.08 yellow-green [113]
KPbCr2(PO4)3 9.7332 [114]
KPbFe2(PO4)3 9.8325 beige [114]
K4NiHf3(PO4)6 660.192 (half) 10.12201 4.228 yellow [115]
NaBaBi2(PO3)3 [116]

Phosphate silicates

edit
substance formula weight unit cell edge Å density comment ref
K2Sn2(PO4)2SiO4[117] Stable to 650 °C
K2Zr2(PO4)2SiO4[117] Stable to 1000 °C
Cs2Zr2(PO4)2SiO4[118]
CsKZr2(PO4)2SiO4[118]
KBaZrY(PO4)2SiO4 [119]
KBaZrLa(PO4)2SiO4 [119]
KBaZrNd(PO4)2SiO4 [119]
KBaZrSm(PO4)2SiO4 [119]
KBaZrEu(PO4)2SiO4 [119]

Mixed anion phosphates

edit
substance formula weight unit cell edge Å density comment ref
K2MgTi(SO4)(PO4)2 [120]
K2Fe2(MoO4)(PO4)2 [121]
K2Sc2(MoO4)(PO4)2 [121]
K2Sc2(WO4)(PO4)2 [121]

Vanadates

edit

The orthovanadates have four formula per cell, with a slightly distorted cell that has orthorhombic symmetry.

formula weight comment Cell dimensions Å Volume density refractive
Formula g/mol symmetries a b c index
LiBaCr2(VO4)3[122] 593.08 Orthorhombic 9.98 10.52 9.51 998 4.02
NaBaCr2(VO4)3[122] 609.13 Orthorhombic 9.99 10.52 9.53 1002 4.09
AgBaCr2(VO4)3[122] 694.00 Orthorhombic 10.02 10.53 9.53 1005 4.62

Arsenates

edit
substance formula weight unit cell edge Å density
K2ScSn(AsO4)3[123] 658.62 10.3927
Zr2NH4(AsO4)3·H2O[124] 632.558 10.532 3.379

Selenates

edit

Langbeinite structured double selenates are difficult to make, perhaps because selenate ions arranged around the dication leave space for water, so hydrates crystallise from double selenate solutions. For example, when ammonia selenate and cadmium selenate solution is crystallized it forms diammonium dicadmium selenate trihydrate: (NH4)2Cd2(SeO4)3·3H2O and when heated it loses both water and ammonia to form a pyroselenate rather than a langbeinite.[125]

substance formula weight unit cell edge Å density note
(NH4)2Mn2(SeO4)3[126] 574.83 10.53 3.26 forms continuous series with SO4 too

Molybdates

edit
substance formula weight unit cell edge Å density ref
Cs2Cd2(MoO4)3 970.5 11.239 [127]
Rb2Co2(MoO4)3 768.7
Cs2Co2(MoO4)3 [128]
Cs2Fe2(MoO4)3 10.9112 [129]
Cs2Ni2(MoO4)3 863.01 10.7538 [130]
(H3O)2Mn2(MoO4)3 627.75 10.8713 [131]
K2Mn2(MoO4)3 [132]

Tungstates

edit
substance formula weight unit cell edge Å density
Rb2Mg2(WO4)3[133] 963.06 10.766
Cs2Mg2(WO4)3[133] 1057.93 10.878

Preparation

edit

Diammonium dicadmium sulfate can be made by evaporating a solution of ammonium sulfate and cadmium sulfate.[19] Dithallium dicadmium sulfate can be made by evaporating a water solution at 85 °C.[22] Other substances may be formed during crystallisation from water such as Tutton's salts or competing compounds like Rb2Cd3(SO4)4·5H2O.[134]

Potassium and ammonium nickel langbeinite can be made from nickel sulfate and the other sulfates by evaporating a water solution at 85 °C.[65]

Dipotassium dizinc sulfate can be formed into large crystals by melting zinc sulfate and potassium sulfate together at 753 K. A crystal can be slowly drawn out of the melt from a rotating crucible at about 1.2 mm every hour.[135]

Li(H2O)2Hf2(PO4)3 can be made by heating HfCl4, Li2B4O7, H3PO4, water and hydrochloric acid to 180 °C for eight days under pressure.[90] Li(H2O)2Hf2(PO4)3 converts to Li2Hf2(PO4)3 on heating to 200 °C.[82]

The sol-gel method produces a gel from a solution mixture, which is then heated. Rb2FeZr(PO4)3 can be made by mixing solutions of FeCl3, RbCl, ZrOCl2, and dripping in H3PO4. The gel produced was dried out at 95 °C and then baked at various temperatures from 400 to 1100 °C.[85]

Langbeinites crystals can be made by the Bridgman technique, Czochralski process or flux technique.

A Tutton's salt may be heat treated and dehydrate, e.g. (NH4)2Mn2(SeO4)3 can be made from (NH4)2Mn(SeO4)3·6(H2O) heated to 100 °C, forming (NH4)2(SeO4) as a side product.[136] Similarly the ammonium vanadium Tutton's salt, (NH4)2V(SO4)2, heated to 160 °C in a closed tube produces (NH4)2V2(SO4)3. At lower temperatures a hydroxy compound is formed.[52]

Use

edit

Few uses have been made of these substances. Langbeinite itself can be used as an "organic" fertiliser with potassium, magnesium and sulfur, all needed for plant growth. Electrooptic devices could be made from some of these crystals, particularly those that have cubic transition temperatures as temperatures above room temperature. Research continues into this. Ferroelectric crystals could store information in the location of domain walls.

The phosphate langbeinites are insoluble, stable against heat, and can accommodate a large number of different ions, and have been considered for immobilizing unwanted radioactive waste.[137]

Zirconium phosphate langbeinites containing rare earth metals have been investigated for use in white LEDs and plasma displays.[105] Langbeinites that contain bismuth are photoluminescent.[105] In case of iron-containing ones complex magnetic behavior may be found.[138]

References

edit
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Norberg, Stefan T. (2002). "New phosphate langbeinites, K2MTi(PO4)3 (M = Er, Yb or Y), and an alternative description of the langbeinite framework". Acta Crystallographica B. 58 (5): 743–749. Bibcode:2002AcCrB..58..743N. doi:10.1107/S0108768102013782. PMC 2391006. PMID 12324686.
  2. ^ a b c Kumar, Sathasivam Pratheep; Gopal, Buvaneswari (October 2015). "New rare earth langbeinite phosphosilicates KBaREEZrP2SiO12 (REE: La, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy) for lanthanide comprising nuclear waste storage". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 657: 422–429. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.10.088.
  3. ^ Guelylah, A.; G. Madariaga; W. Morgenroth; M. I. Aroyo; T. Breczewski; E. H. Bocanegra (2000). "X-ray structure determination of the monoclinic (121 K) and orthorhombic (85 K) phases of langbeinite-type dithallium dicadmium sulfate". Acta Crystallographica Section B. 56 (6): 921–935. Bibcode:2000AcCrB..56..921G. doi:10.1107/S0108768100009514. PMID 11099956.
  4. ^ Guelylah, Abderrahim; Gotzon Madariaga (2003). "Dirubidium dicadmium sulfate at 293 K". Acta Crystallographica Section C. 59 (5): i32–i34. Bibcode:2003AcCrC..59I..32G. doi:10.1107/S0108270103007479. PMID 12743381.
  5. ^ Guelylah, A.; M. I. Aroyo; J. M. Pérez-Mato (1996). "Microscopic distortion and order parameter in langbeinite K2Cd2(SO4)3". Phase Transitions. 59 (1–3): 155–179. Bibcode:1996PhaTr..59..155G. doi:10.1080/01411599608220042.
  6. ^ Zemann, Anna; J. Zemann (1957). "Die Kristallstruktur von Langbeinit, K2Mg2(SO4)3". Acta Crystallographica. 10 (6): 409–413. Bibcode:1957AcCry..10..409Z. doi:10.1107/S0365110X57001346.
  7. ^ Boujelben, Mohamed; Mohamed Toumi; Tahar Mhiri (2007). "Langbeinite-type Rb2Ca2(SO4)3". Acta Crystallographica Section E. 63 (7): i157. Bibcode:2007AcCrE..63I.157B. doi:10.1107/S1600536807027043.
  8. ^ Martínez, M. L.; Rodriguez, A.; Mestres, L.; Solans, X.; Bocanegra, E. H. (November 1990). "Synthesis, crystal structure, and thermal studies of (NH4)2Cd2(SeO4)3·3H2O". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 89 (1): 88–93. Bibcode:1990JSSCh..89...88M. doi:10.1016/0022-4596(90)90297-B.
  9. ^ Солодовникова, С. Ф.; Солодовникова, В. А. (1997). "Новый тип строения в морфотропном ряду A+2M+2(MoO4)3: кристаллическая структура Rb2Cu2(MoO4)3" (PDF). ЖУРНАЛ структур. химии (in Russian). 38 (5): 914–921.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Kiselyova, Nadezhda (September 1997). "Property Predictions for Multicomponent Compounds". Russian Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on July 6, 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  11. ^ a b Guelylah, A.; T. Breczewski; G. Madariaga (1996). "A New Langbeinite: Dipotassium Dimanganese Tetrafluoroberyllate". Acta Crystallographica Section C. 52 (12): 2951–2954. Bibcode:1996AcCrC..52.2951G. doi:10.1107/S0108270196008827.
  12. ^ Pies, W.; A. Weiss (1973). "A458, I.1.3 Complex fluorides and fluorine double salts". Key Elements: F, Cl, Br, I. Landolt-Börnstein - Group III Condensed Matter. Vol. 7a. pp. 91–103. doi:10.1007/10201462_9. ISBN 978-3-540-06166-3.
  13. ^ a b Li, Hai-Yan; Dan Zhao (2011). "A new langbeinite-type phosphate: K2AlSn(PO4)3". Acta Crystallographica Section E. 67 (10): i56. Bibcode:2011AcCrE..67I..56L. doi:10.1107/S1600536811037263. PMC 3201338. PMID 22058680.
  14. ^ Gustafsson, Joacim C. M.; Stefan T. Norberg; Göran Svensson (2006). "The langbeinite type Rb2TiY(PO4)3". Acta Crystallographica Section E. 62 (7): i160–i162. Bibcode:2006AcCrE..62I.160G. doi:10.1107/S1600536806021635.
  15. ^ Hidouri, Mourad; Hasna Jerbi; Mongi Ben Amara (2008). "The iron phosphate NaBaFe2(PO4)3". Acta Crystallographica Section E. 64 (8): i51. Bibcode:2008AcCrE..64I..51H. doi:10.1107/S1600536808023040. PMC 2961906. PMID 21202994.
  16. ^ Harrison, William T. A. (2010). "K2ScSn(AsO4)3: an arsenate-containing langbeinite". Acta Crystallographica Section C. 66 (7): i82–i84. Bibcode:2010AcCrC..66I..82H. doi:10.1107/S0108270110021670. PMID 20603547.
  17. ^ Jona, F.; R. Pepinsky (1956). "Ferroelectricity in the Langbeinite System". Physical Review. 103 (4): 1126. Bibcode:1956PhRv..103.1126J. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.103.1126.
  18. ^ McDowell, C. A.; P. Raghunathan; R. Srinivasan (1975). "Proton N.M.R. study of the dynamics of the ammonium ion in ferroelectric langbeinite, (NH4)2Cd2(SO4)3". Molecular Physics. 29 (3): 815–824. Bibcode:1975MolPh..29..815M. doi:10.1080/00268977500100721.
  19. ^ a b Moriyoshi, C.; E. Magome; K. Itoh (28 March 2007). "Structural Study of Langbeinite-type ((NH4)2Cd2(SO4)3) Crystal in the High Temperature Phase" (PDF). IMF-11. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  20. ^ Glogarová, M.; C. Frenzel; E. Hegenbarth (1972). "The Behaviour of (NH4)2Cd2(SO4)3 under Pressure". Physica Status Solidi B. 53 (1): 369–372. Bibcode:1972PSSBR..53..369G. doi:10.1002/pssb.2220530139.
  21. ^ Hikita, Tomoyuki; Makoto Kitabatake; Takuro Ikeda (1979). "Hydrostatic Pressure Effect on the Phase Transition of K2Mn2(SO4)3". Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 46 (2): 695–696. Bibcode:1979JPSJ...46..695H. doi:10.1143/JPSJ.46.695.
  22. ^ a b Brzina, B.; M. Glogarová (1972). "New ferroelectric langbeinite Tl2Cd2(SO4)3". Physica Status Solidi A. 11 (1): K39–K42. Bibcode:1972PSSAR..11...39.. doi:10.1002/pssa.2210110149.
  23. ^ Deshmukh, B. T.; S. V. Bodade; S. V. Moharil (1986). "Thermoluminescence of K2Cd2(SO4)3". Physica Status Solidi A. 98 (1): 239–246. Bibcode:1986PSSAR..98..239D. doi:10.1002/pssa.2210980127.
  24. ^ Panigrahi, A. K.; Dhoble, S. J.; Kher, R. S.; Moharil, S. V. (2003). "Thermo and mechanoluminescence of Dy3+ activated { K2Mg2(SO4)3 phosphor". Physica Status Solidi A. 198 (2): 322–328. Bibcode:2003PSSAR.198..322P. doi:10.1002/pssa.200306605.
  25. ^ Léost, I.; Féraud, G.; Blanc-Valleron, M. M.; Rouchy, J. M. (2001). "First absolute dating of Miocene Langbeinite evaporites by 40Ar/39Ar laser step-heating: [K2Mg2(SO4)3] Stebnyk Mine (Carpathian Foredeep Basin)". Geophysical Research Letters. 28 (23): 4347–4350. Bibcode:2001GeoRL..28.4347L. doi:10.1029/2001GL013477.
  26. ^ Franke, V.; E. Hegenbarth; B. Březina (1975). "Specific heat measurement on Tl2Cd2(SO4)3". Physica Status Solidi A. 28 (1): K77–K80. Bibcode:1975PSSAR..28...77F. doi:10.1002/pssa.2210280165.
  27. ^ Abrahams, S. C.; Bernstein, J. L. (1977). "Piezoelectric langbeinite-type K2Cd2(SO4)3: Room temperature crystal structure and ferroelastic transformation". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 67 (5): 2146. Bibcode:1977JChPh..67.2146A. doi:10.1063/1.435101.
  28. ^ Cao, Hongjie; Dalley, N. Kent; Boerio-Goates, Juliana (1993). "Calorimetric and structural studies of langbeinite-type Tl2Cd2(SO4)3". Ferroelectrics. 146 (1): 45–56. Bibcode:1993Fer...146...45C. doi:10.1080/00150199308008525.
  29. ^ Sutera, A.; Nassau, K.; Abrahams, S. C. (1981). "Phase-transition variation with composition in solid solutions of K2Cd2(SO4)3 with Tl2Cd2(SO4)3". Journal of Applied Crystallography. 14 (5): 297–299. Bibcode:1981JApCr..14..297S. doi:10.1107/S0021889881009412.
  30. ^ Percival, M. J. L. (1990). "Optical Absorption Spectroscopy of Doped Materials: The P213-P212121 Phase Transition in K2(Cd0.98Co0.02)2(SO4)3". Mineralogical Magazine. 54 (377): 525–535. Bibcode:1990MinM...54..525P. doi:10.1180/minmag.1990.054.377.01. S2CID 96797382.
  31. ^ Zhou, Ya-Ping; Rui, Zhang; Hong-Wen, Wan; Zheng-Kun, Zhan; Ming-Fei, Xu (March 2001). "Thermochemical Studies on the Langbeinite-Type Double Sulfate Salts，(NH4)2Cd2(SO4)3 and K2Cd2(SO4)3". Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica (in Chinese). 17 (3): 247. doi:10.3866/PKU.WHXB20010312.
  32. ^ Boerio-Goates, Juliana; Johanne I. Artman; Brian F. Woodfield (1990). "Heat capacity studies of phase transitions in langbeinites II. K2Mg2(SO4)3". Physics and Chemistry of Minerals. 17 (2): 173. Bibcode:1990PCM....17..173B. doi:10.1007/BF00199670. S2CID 95991273.
  33. ^ Trussov, I. A.; Male, L. L.; Sanjuan, M. L.; Orera, A.; Slater, P. R. (April 2019). "Understanding the complex structural features and phase changes in Na2Mg2(SO4)3: A combined single crystal and variable temperature powder diffraction and Raman spectroscopy study". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 272: 157–165. Bibcode:2019JSSCh.272..157T. doi:10.1016/j.jssc.2019.02.014. hdl:10261/192264. S2CID 104364241.
  34. ^ a b c d Speer, D.; Salje, E. (1986). "Phase transitions in langbeinites I: Crystal chemistry and structures of K-double sulfates of the langbeinite type M3++K2(SO4)3, M++=Mg, Ni, Co, Zn, Ca". Physics and Chemistry of Minerals. 13 (1): 17–24. Bibcode:1986PCM....13...17S. doi:10.1007/BF00307309. S2CID 96828689.
  35. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Burkov, V. I.; Perekalina, Z. B. (2001). "Gyrotropy of Cubic Langbeinite Crystals". Inorganic Materials. 37 (3): 203–212. doi:10.1023/A:1004165926149. S2CID 92506742.
  36. ^ Swanson, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C.; Evans, E. H. (June 1968). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns (PDF) (Monograph). NBS Monograph 5. Vol. Section 6 – Data for 60 Substances. National Bureau of Standards. p. 40. doi:10.6028/NBS.MONO.25-6. Retrieved 2021-03-23.
  37. ^ Swanson, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C.; Evans, E. H. (September 1969). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns (PDF) (Monograph). NBS Monograph 5. Vol. Section 7 – Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C.: National Bureau of Standards. p. 50. doi:10.6028/NBS.MONO.25-7. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
  38. ^ a b Swanson et al. 1969, p. 50
  39. ^ "Efremovite: Efremovite mineral information and data". www.mindat.org.
  40. ^ a b c d Kahrizi, Mojtaba; Steinitz, M. O. (1988). "Phase transitions and thermal expansion in langbeinite type compounds". Solid State Communications. 66 (4): 375–378. Bibcode:1988SSCom..66..375K. doi:10.1016/0038-1098(88)90860-5.
  41. ^ a b c d e f g h i AtomWork materials database at NIMS
  42. ^ a b c Swanson et al. 1969, p. 37
  43. ^ "Calciolangbeinite" (PDF). Mineralogical Society of America. 13 June 2015. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  44. ^ "Calciolangbeinite: Mineral information, data and localities". www.mindat.org.
  45. ^ Pekov, Igor V.; Zubkova, Natalia V.; Galuskina, Irina O.; Kusz, Joachim; Koshlyakova, Natalia N.; Galuskin, Evgeny V.; Belakovskiy, Dmitry I.; Bulakh, Maria O.; Vigasina, Marina F.; Chukanov, Nikita V.; Britvin, Sergey N. (2022-01-28). "Calciolangbeinite- O , a natural orthorhombic modification of K 2 Ca 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , and the langbeinite–calciolangbeinite solid-solution system". Mineralogical Magazine. 86 (4): 557–569. Bibcode:2022MinM...86..557P. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.95. ISSN 0026-461X. S2CID 246406414.
  46. ^ Swanson et al. 1969, p. 39
  47. ^ a b c Swanson et al. 1969, p. 48
  48. ^ Swanson et al. 1969, p. 12
  49. ^ Gattow, G.; Zemann, J. (1958). "Über Doppelsulfate vom Langbeinit-Typ, A2+B22+(SO4)3". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie (in German). 293 (5–6): 233–240. doi:10.1002/zaac.19582930502.
  50. ^ Swanson, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C.; Evans, E. H. (September 1970). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns (PDF) (Monograph). NBS Monograph 5. Vol. Section 8 – Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C.: National Bureau of Standards. p. 7. doi:10.6028/NBS.MONO.25-8. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
  51. ^ a b Swanson et al. 1970, p. 7
  52. ^ a b c d Tudo, Joseph; Laplace, Laplace (July 1977). "Les sulfates doubles de vanadium et d'ammonium. I. Sur la schoenite de vanadium II et ammonium". Bulletin de la Société Chimique de France: Première Partie (7/8): 653–655.
  53. ^ NIMS search result
  54. ^ Bellanca, A. (1947). Sulla simmetria della manganolangbeinite/ Atti Accad. Nazi. Lincei Rend. Classe Sci. Fis. Mat. Nat. 2, 451–455.
  55. ^ a b Swanson et al. 1968, p. 43
  56. ^ Yamada, Noboru; Maeda, Masaki; Adachi, Hideaki (1981). "Structures of langbeinite-type dipotassium dimanganese sulfate in cubic and orthorhombic phases". Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 50 (3): 907–913. Bibcode:1981JPSJ...50..907Y. doi:10.1143/jpsj.50.907.
  57. ^ Swain, Diptikanta; Guru Row, T. N. (2006). "Rb2Mn2(SO4)3, a new member of the langbeinite family". Acta Crystallographica Section E. 62 (6): m138–m139. Bibcode:2006AcCrE..62R.138S. doi:10.1107/S1600536806019490.
  58. ^ a b c Swanson et al. 1969, p. 52
  59. ^ Hikita, T. (2005). "43B-6 (NH4)2Mn2(SO4)3-(NH4)2Mn2(SeO4)3". (NH4)2SO4 family ... K3BiCl6·2KCl·KH3F4. Landolt-Börnstein - Group III Condensed Matter. Vol. 36B2. pp. 1–3. doi:10.1007/10552342_84. ISBN 9783540313533. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  60. ^ a b c Swanson et al. 1969, p. 76
  61. ^ Kasatkin, Anatoly V.; Plášil, Jakub; Škoda, Radek; Campostrini, Italo; Chukanov, Nikita V.; Agakhanov, Atali A.; Karpenko, Vladimir Yu.; Belakovskiy, Dmitriy I. (14 December 2020). "Ferroefremovite, (NH4)2Fe2+2(SO4)3, a new mineral from Solfatara di Pozzuoli, Campania, Italy". The Canadian Mineralogist. 59: 59–68. doi:10.3749/canmin.1900085. S2CID 230591609.
  62. ^ Swanson et al. 1968, p. 35
  63. ^ a b c Swanson et al. 1970, p. 59
  64. ^ Swanson et al. 1970, p. 85
  65. ^ a b c Jayakumar, V. S.; I. Hubert Joe; G. Aruldhas (1995). "IR and single crystal Raman spectra of langbeinities M2Ni2(SO4)3 (M = NH4, K)". Ferroelectrics. 165 (1): 307–318. Bibcode:1995Fer...165..307J. doi:10.1080/00150199508228311.
  66. ^ a b c Swanson et al. 1968, p. 46
  67. ^ a b c Swanson et al. 1970, p. 72
  68. ^ a b Swanson et al. 1968, p. 54
  69. ^ Swanson et al. 1969, p. 34
  70. ^ a b c Swanson et al. 1969, p. 45
  71. ^ Swanson et al. 1970, p. 83
  72. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an Le Fur, Y.; Aléonard, S (August 1969). "Etude d'orthofluoroberyllates MeI2MeII2(BeF4)3 de structure langbeinite". Materials Research Bulletin. 4 (8): 601–615. doi:10.1016/0025-5408(69)90121-4.
  73. ^ Shen, Y.; Yang, Y.; Zhao, S.; Li, X.; Ding, Q.; Li, Y.; Liu, S.; Lin, Z.; Luo, J. (2018). "CCDC Number: 1862371". Inorganic Chemistry. 57 (21): 13087–13091. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02491. PMID 30299091. S2CID 52941066.
  74. ^ Shen, Yaoguo; Liu, Zhiqun; Yu, Hualiang; Zhou, Bi (April 2020). "Aliovalent-substituted synthesis for a non-centrosymmetric phosphate with enhanced nonlinear-optical response". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 288: 121361. Bibcode:2020JSSCh.28821361S. doi:10.1016/j.jssc.2020.121361. S2CID 216369312.
  75. ^ Fu, Yun-Long; Xu, Zhi-Wei; Ren, Jia-Lin; Ng, Seik Weng (2005). "Langbeinite-type mixed-valence (NH4)(H3O)Ti[III]Ti[IV](PO4)3". Acta Crystallographica Section E. 61 (8): i158–i159. doi:10.1107/S1600536805021392.
  76. ^ a b c Leclaire, A.; Benmoussa, A.; Borel, M. M.; Grandin, A.; Raveau, B. (February 1989). "K2−xTi2(PO4)3 with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5: A mixed-valence nonstoichiometric titanophosphate with the langbeinite structure". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 78 (2): 227–231. Bibcode:1989JSSCh..78..227L. doi:10.1016/0022-4596(89)90101-1.
  77. ^ a b Isasi, J (2 August 2000). "Synthesis, structure and conductivity study of new monovalent phosphates with the langbeinite structure". Solid State Ionics. 133 (3–4): 303–313. doi:10.1016/S0167-2738(00)00677-9.
  78. ^ a b Ogorodnyk, Ivan V.; Zatovsky, Igor V.; Slobodyanik, Nikolay S.; Baumer, Vyacheslav N.; Shishkin, Oleg V. (November 2006). "Synthesis, structure and magnetic properties of new phosphates K2Mn0.5Ti1.5(PO4)3 and K2Co0.5Ti1.5(PO4)3 with the langbeinite structure". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 179 (11): 3461–3466. Bibcode:2006JSSCh.179.3461O. doi:10.1016/j.jssc.2006.07.015.
  79. ^ Strutynska, Nataliia Yu.; Bondarenko, Marina A.; Ogorodnyk, Ivan V.; Zatovsky, Igor V.; Slobodyanik, Nikolay S.; Baumer, Vyacheslav N.; Puzan, Anna N. (May 2015). "Interaction in the molten system Rb2 O-P2 O5 -TiO -NiO. Crystal structure of the langbeinite-related Rb2Ni0.5Ti1.5(PO4)". Crystal Research and Technology. 50 (7): 549–555. doi:10.1002/crat.201500050. S2CID 98316028.
  80. ^ Zhao, Dan; Zhang, Hao; Huang, Shu-Ping; Zhang, Wei-Long; Yang, Song-Lin; Cheng, Wen-Dan (2009). "Crystal and band structure of K2AlTi(PO4)3 with the langbeinite-type structure". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 477 (1–2): 795–799. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2008.10.124.
  81. ^ Ding, Jimin; Zhu, Pengfei; Li, Ziqing; Wang, Zhenyan; Ai, Li; Zhao, Jianfu; Yu, Fapeng; Duan, Xiulan; Jiang, Huaidong (July 2021). "Synthesis, electronic structure and upconversion photoluminescence of langbeinite-type K2TiYb(PO4)3 microcrystals". Optik. 244: 167549. Bibcode:2021Optik.244p7549D. doi:10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.167549.
  82. ^ a b c Chen, Shuang; Hoffmann, Stefan; Weichert, Katja; Maier, Joachim; Prots, Yurii; Zhao, Jing-Tai; Kniep, Rüdiger (2011). "Li(H2O)2−x[Zr2(PO4)3]: A Li-Filled Langbeinite Variant (x= 0) as a Precursor for a Metastable Dehydrated Phase (x= 2)". Chemistry of Materials. 23 (6): 1601–1606. doi:10.1021/cm103487w.
  83. ^ Marshenya, Sergey N.; Scherbakov, Alexey G.; Dembitskiy, Artem D.; Golubnichiy, Alexander A.; Trussov, Ivan A.; Savina, Aleksandra A.; Kazakov, Sergey M.; Aksyonov, Dmitry A.; Antipov, Evgeny V.; Fedotov, Stanislav S. (2024). "NaZr 2 (PO 4 ) 3 – a cubic langbeinite-type sodium-ion solid conductor". Dalton Transactions. doi:10.1039/D4DT02288B. ISSN 1477-9226.
  84. ^ Ogorodnyk, I. V.; Zatovsky, I. V.; Baumer, V. N.; Slobodyanik, N. S.; Shishkin, O. V. (2007). "Synthesis and crystal structure of langbeinite related mixed-metal phosphates K1.822Nd0.822Zr1.178(PO4)3 and K2LuZr(PO4)3". Crystal Research and Technology. 42 (11): 1076–1081. Bibcode:2007CryRT..42.1076O. doi:10.1002/crat.200710961. S2CID 197180278.
  85. ^ a b Trubach, I. G.; Beskrovnyi, A. I.; Orlova, A. I.; Orlova, V. A.; Kurazhkovskaya, V. S. (2004). "Synthesis and structural study of Rb2FeZr(PO4)3 phosphate with langbeinite structure". Crystallography Reports. 49 (6): 895–898. Bibcode:2004CryRp..49..895T. doi:10.1134/1.1828132. S2CID 101730864.
  86. ^ Orlova, Albina I.; Trubach, Ilya G.; Kurazhkovskaya, Victoria S.; Pertierra, Pilar (July 2003). "Synthesis, characterization, and structural study of K2FeZrP3O12 with the langbeinite structure". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 173 (2): 314–318. Bibcode:2003JSSCh.173..314O. doi:10.1016/S0022-4596(03)00101-4.
  87. ^ a b Asabina, E. A.; Pet'kov, V. I.; Gobechiya, E. R.; Kabalov, Yu. K.; Pokholok, K. V.; Kurazhkovskaya, V. S. (19 May 2009). "Synthesis and crystal structure of phosphates A2FeTi(PO4)3 (A = Na, Rb)". Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 53 (1): 40–47. doi:10.1134/S0036023608010075. S2CID 96452463.
  88. ^ a b Wulff, H.; Guth, U.; Loescher, B. (10 January 2013). "The Crystal Structure of K2REZr(PO4)3(RE = Y, Gd) Isotypic with Langbeinite". Powder Diffraction. 7 (2): 103–106. Bibcode:1992PDiff...7..103W. doi:10.1017/S0885715600018339. S2CID 100926565.
  89. ^ Ogorodnyk, Ivan V.; Zatovsky, Igor V.; Slobodyanik, Nikolay S. (2009). "Rietveld refinement of langbeinite-type K2YHf(PO4)3". Acta Crystallographica Section E. 65 (8): i63–i64. Bibcode:2009AcCrE..65I..63O. doi:10.1107/S1600536809027573. PMC 2977454. PMID 21583298.
  90. ^ a b Chen, Shuang; Hoffmann, Stefan; Borrmann, Horst; Kniep, Rüdiger (2011). "Crystal structure of a lithium-filled langbeinite variant, Li(H2O)2[Hf2(PO4)3]" (PDF). Z. Kristallogr. 226 (3): 299–300. doi:10.1524/ncrs.2011.0132. S2CID 97687920. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
  91. ^ Losilla, E (2 September 1998). "NASICON to scandium wolframate transition in Li1+xMxHf2-x(PO4)3 (M=Cr, Fe): structure and ionic conductivity". Solid State Ionics. 112 (1–2): 53–62. doi:10.1016/S0167-2738(98)00207-0.
  92. ^ a b c d Orlova, A. I.; Koryttseva, A. K.; Bortsova, E. V.; Nagornova, S. V.; Kazantsev, G. N.; Samoilov, S. G.; Bankrashkov, A. V.; Kurazhkovskaya, V. S. (2006). "Crystallochemical modeling, synthesis, and study of new tantalum and niobium phosphates with a framework structure". Crystallography Reports. 51 (3): 357–365. Bibcode:2006CryRp..51..357O. doi:10.1134/S1063774506030011. S2CID 93802518.
  93. ^ Xue, Ya-Li; Zhao, Dan; Zhang, Shi-Rui; Li, Ya-Nan; Fan, Yan-Ping (30 January 2019). "A new disordered langbeinite-type compound, K2Tb1.5Ta0.5P3O12, and Eu3+ -doped multicolour light-emitting properties". Acta Crystallographica Section C. 75 (2): 213–220. doi:10.1107/S2053229619000998. PMID 30720461. S2CID 73439880.
  94. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Koryttseva, A. K.; Orlova, A. I.; Nagornova, S. V.; Sedova, N. A.; Beskrovnyi, A. I. (April 2022). "Preparation and Structure of New Orthophosphates Isostructural with the Mineral Langbeinite: A2R1.5Ta0.5(PO4)3 (A = K, Rb; R = Ga, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Yb)". Inorganic Materials. 58 (4): 356–363. doi:10.1134/S0020168522040069. ISSN 0020-1685. S2CID 249706245.
  95. ^ a b c d Orlova, A. I.; Kitaev, D. B. (2005). "Anhydrous Lanthanide and Actinide(III) and (IV) Orthophosphates Me_m(PO4)_n. Synthesis, Crystallization, Structure, and Properties". Radiochemistry. 47 (1): 14–30. doi:10.1007/s11137-005-0041-6. S2CID 98748508.
  96. ^ Kumar, Sathasivam Pratheep; Gopal, Buvaneswari (2014). "Synthesis and leachability study of a new cesium immobilized langbeinite phosphate: KCsFeZrP3O12". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 615: 419–423. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.06.192. ISSN 0925-8388.
  97. ^ a b c El Hafid, Hassan; Velázquez, Matias; El Jazouli, Abdelaziz; Wattiaux, Alain; Carlier, Dany; Decourt, Rodolphe; couzi, Michel; Goldner, Philippe; Delmas, Claude (2014). "Magnetic, Mössbauer and optical spectroscopic properties of the AFe3O(PO4)3 (A=Ca,Sr,Pb) series of powder compounds". Solid State Sciences. 36: 52–61. Bibcode:2014SSSci..36...52E. doi:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2014.07.011. ISSN 1293-2558.
  98. ^ Hidouri, Mourad; López, María Luisa; Pico, Carlos; Wattiaux, Alain; Amara, Mongi Ben (December 2012). "Synthesis and characterization of a new iron phosphate KSrFe2(PO4)3 with a langbeinite type structure". Journal of Molecular Structure. 1030: 145–148. Bibcode:2012JMoSt1030..145H. doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.04.002.
  99. ^ Shpanchenko, R. V.; Lapshina, O. A.; Antipov, E. V.; Hadermann, J.; Kaul, E. E.; Geibel, C. (2005). "New lead vanadium phosphate with langbeinite-typestructure: Pb1.5V2(PO4)3". Materials Research Bulletin. 40 (9): 1569–1576. doi:10.1016/j.materresbull.2005.04.037.
  100. ^ a b c d Rangan, K. Kasthuri; Gopalakrishnan, J. (March 1994). "New Titanium-Vanadium Phosphates of Nasicon and Langbeinite Structures, and Differences between the Two Structures toward Deintercalation of Alkali Metal". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 109 (1): 116–121. Bibcode:1994JSSCh.109..116R. doi:10.1006/jssc.1994.1080.
  101. ^ David, Rénald; Kabbour, Houria; Filimonov, Dmitry; Huvé, Marielle; Pautrat, Alain; Mentré, Olivier (2014). "Reversible Topochemical Exsolution of Iron in BaFe2+2(PO4)2". Angewandte Chemie. 126 (49): 13583–13588. Bibcode:2014AngCh.12613583D. doi:10.1002/ange.201404476. ISSN 0044-8249.
  102. ^ Pet'kov, V. I.; Markin, A. V.; Alekseev, A. A.; Smirnova, N. N. (3 February 2018). "Heat capacity measurements on Ba1.5Fe2(PO4)3 and its thermodynamic functions". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 132: 353–364. doi:10.1007/s10973-017-6925-9. S2CID 103383453.
  103. ^ Jiao, Mengmeng; Lv, Wenzhen; Lv, Wei; Zhao, Qi; Shao, Baiqi; You, Hongpeng (14 January 2015). "Optical Properties and Energy Transfer of Novel KSrSc2(PO4)3:Ce3+/Eu2+/Tb3+ Phosphor for White Light Emitting Diodes". Dalton Trans. 44 (9): 4080–4087. doi:10.1039/C4DT03906H. PMID 25623365.
  104. ^ Strutynska, Nataliia Yu.; Bondarenko, Marina A.; Ogorodnyk, Ivan V.; Baumer, Vyacheslav N.; Slobodyanik, Nikolay S. (7 February 2015). "Crystal structure of langbeinite-related RbKCoTi(PO4)3". Acta Crystallographica Section E. 71 (3): 251–253. doi:10.1107/S2056989015001826. PMC 4350725. PMID 25844179.
  105. ^ a b c Chornii, Vitalii; Hizhnyi, Yuriy; Nedilko, Sergiy G.; Terebilenko, Kateryna; Zatovsky, I.; Ogorodnyk, Ivan; Boyko, Volodymyr (June 2015). "Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Luminescence and Electronic Band Structure of K2BiZr(PO4)3 Phosphate Compound". Solid State Phenomena. 230: 55–61. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.230.55. S2CID 101559407.
  106. ^ Jiao, Mengmeng; Lü, Wei; Shao, Baiqi; Zhao, Lingfei; You, Hongpeng (20 July 2015). "Synthesis, Structure, and Photoluminescence Properties of Novel KBaSc2(PO4)3 :Ce/Eu/Tb Phosphors for White-Light-Emitting Diodes". ChemPhysChem. 16 (12): 2663–2669. doi:10.1002/cphc.201500387. PMID 26202348.
  107. ^ Wu, Di; Si, Jiayong; Tang, Jiamin; Li, Guihua; Cai, Gemei (September 2022). "Structure and tunable luminescence of Tm3+/Dy3+ doped KBaIn2(PO4)3 phosphors with high thermal stability". Journal of Luminescence. 252: 119291. Bibcode:2022JLum..252k9291W. doi:10.1016/j.jlumin.2022.119291. S2CID 252195013.
  108. ^ Battle, Peter D.; Cheetham, Anthony K.; Harrison, William T. A.; Long, Gary J. (March 1986). "The crystal structure and magnetic properties of the synthetic langbeinite KBaFe2(PO4)3". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 62 (1): 16–25. Bibcode:1986JSSCh..62...16B. doi:10.1016/0022-4596(86)90211-2.
  109. ^ Battle, P. D.; Gibb, T. C.; Nixon, S.; Harrison, W. T. A. (July 1988). "The magnetic properties of the synthetic langbeinite KBaCr2(PO4)3". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 75 (1): 21–29. Bibcode:1988JSSCh..75...21B. doi:10.1016/0022-4596(88)90299-x.
  110. ^ Pet'kov, V. I.; Asabina, E. A.; Markin, A. V.; Alekseev, A. A.; Smirnova, N. N. (22 February 2016). "Thermodynamic investigation of Rb2FeTi(PO4)3 phosphate of langbeinite structure". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 124 (3): 1535–1544. doi:10.1007/s10973-016-5319-8. S2CID 100260297.
  111. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Pet'kov, V. I.; Alekseev, A. A.; Asabina, E. A.; Borovikova, E. Yu.; Koval'skii, A. M. (6 August 2017). "Synthesis, structure formation, and thermal expansion of A+M2+MgE4+(PO4)3". Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 62 (7): 870–878. doi:10.1134/S0036023617070178. S2CID 103520759.
  112. ^ Zhang, G.X.; Zhang, J.; Liu, Y.J.; Si, J.Y.; Tao, X.M.; Cai, G.M. (May 2019). "Structure and luminescence properties of multicolor phosphors with excellent thermal stability based on a new phosphate Ba3In4(PO4)6". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 797: 775–785. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.05.059. S2CID 182926209.
  113. ^ Droß, Thomas; Glaum, Robert (20 March 2004). "The langbeinite-type barium vanadium(III) orthophosphate, Ba3V4(PO4) 6". Acta Crystallographica Section E. 60 (4): i58–i60. Bibcode:2004AcCrE..60I..58D. doi:10.1107/S1600536804005689. S2CID 61648994.
  114. ^ a b Balaji, Daneshwaran; Mandlimath, Triveni Rajashekhar; Chen, Jie; Matsushita, Yoshitaka; Kumar, Sathasivam Pratheep (2020-09-02). "Langbeinite Phosphates KPbM2(PO4)3 (M = Cr, Fe): Synthesis, Structure, Thermal Expansion, and Magnetic Properties Investigation". Inorganic Chemistry. 59 (18): 13245–13253. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01597. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 32878438. S2CID 221478204.
  115. ^ Zhou, Liang; Butenko, Denys S.; Ogorodnyk, Ivan V.; Klyui, Nickolai I.; Zatovsky, Igor V. (2020-10-01). "Rietveld refinement of the langbeinite-type phosphate K2Ni0.5Hf1.5(PO4)3". Acta Crystallographica Section E. 76 (10): 1634–1637. Bibcode:2020AcCrE..76.1634Z. doi:10.1107/S2056989020012062. ISSN 2056-9890. PMC 7534254. PMID 33117578.
  116. ^ Indumathi, K.; Tamilselvan, S.; Annadurai, G.; Ramalingam, Gopal; Muhammad, G. Shakil; Alam, Mohammed Mujahid; David, A. Duke John; Ayyar, Manikandan (January 2024). "Photoluminescence and structural properties of NaBaBi2[PO4]3 an Eulytite-type orthophosphate doped with Sm3+ as new orange-red emitting phosphors". Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics. 35 (2). doi:10.1007/s10854-024-11936-7. S2CID 267054200.
  117. ^ a b Balaji, Daneshwaran; Mandlimath, Triveni Rajashekhar; Kumar, Sathasivam Pratheep (February 2020). "Influence of tin substitution on negative thermal expansion of K2Zr2-xSnxP2SiO12 (x = 0 - 2) phosphosilicates ceramics". Ceramics International. 46 (9): 13877–13885. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.02.181. S2CID 213437625.
  118. ^ a b Balaji, Daneshwaran; Kumar, Sathasivam Pratheep (July 2021). "Langbeinite phosphosilicates K2-xCsxZr2P2SiO12 (x = 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0) for cesium encapsulation; synthesis, chemical durability and thermal expansion study". Ceramics International. 47 (20): 28951–28959. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.07.055.
  119. ^ a b c d e Kumar, Sathasivam Pratheep; Gopal, Buvaneswari (February 2016). "New rare earth langbeinite phosphosilicates KBaREEZrP 2 SiO 12 (REE: La, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy) for lanthanide comprising nuclear waste storage". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 657: 422–429. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.10.088.
  120. ^ Kanunov, A. E.; Asabina, E. A.; Orlova, A. I. (January 2016). "Preparation and X-ray diffraction study of phosphate sulfates M2MgTi(SO4)(PO4)2". Russian Journal of General Chemistry. 86 (1): 18–25. doi:10.1134/S1070363216010047. ISSN 1070-3632. S2CID 102011872.
  121. ^ a b c Slobodyanik, Nikolay S.; Terebilenko, Kateryna V.; Ogorodnyk, Ivan V.; Zatovsky, Igor V.; Seredyuk, Maksym; Baumer, Vyacheslav N.; Gütlich, Philipp (2012-02-06). "K 2 M III 2 (M VI O 4 )(PO 4 ) 2 (M III = Fe, Sc; M VI = Mo, W), Novel Members of the Lagbeinite-Related Family: Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetic Properties". Inorganic Chemistry. 51 (3): 1380–1385. doi:10.1021/ic201575v. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 22260084.
  122. ^ a b c Nabar, M. A.; Phanasgaonkar, D. S. (1 October 1980). "Preparation and X-ray powder diffraction studies of triple orthovanadates having langbeinite structure". Journal of Applied Crystallography. 13 (5): 450–451. Bibcode:1980JApCr..13..450N. doi:10.1107/s0021889880012514.
  123. ^ Harrison, William T. A. (17 June 2010). "K2ScSn(AsO4)3 : an arsenate-containing langbeinite". Acta Crystallographica Section C. 66 (7): i82–i84. Bibcode:2010AcCrC..66I..82H. doi:10.1107/S0108270110021670. PMID 20603547.
  124. ^ Rouse, Jessica (January 2010). "Compound IX:hydrated ammonium zirconium arsenate". Synthesis and Characterisation of Lanthanide and Other Inorganic Framework Materials (Thesis). University of Southampton, Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics, School of Chemistry. p. 127. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
  125. ^ Martínez, M. L.; Rodriguez, A.; Mestres, L.; Solans, X.; Bocanegra, E. H. (November 1990). "Synthesis, crystal structure, and thermal studies of (NH4)2Cd2(SeO4)3·3H2O". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 89 (1): 88–93. Bibcode:1990JSSCh..89...88M. doi:10.1016/0022-4596(90)90297-B.
  126. ^ Kohler, K.; Franke, W. (1 August 1964). "(NH4)2Mn2(SeO4)3, Ein Doppelselenat mit Langbeiniestruktur". Acta Crystallographica (in German). 17 (8): 1088–1089. Bibcode:1964AcCry..17.1088K. doi:10.1107/s0365110x64002833.
  127. ^ Tsyrenova, G. D.; N. N. Pavlova (2011). "Synthesis, structure, and electrical and acoustic properties of Cs2Cd2(MoO4)3". Inorganic Materials. 47 (7): 786–790. doi:10.1134/S0020168511070235. S2CID 97308112.
  128. ^ Yudin, Vasiliy N.; Zolotova, Evgeniya S.; Solodovnikov, Sergey F.; Solodovnikova, Zoya A.; Korolkov, Iliya V.; Stefanovich, Sergey Yu.; Kuchumov, Boris M. (23 November 2018). "Synthesis, structure and conductivity of alluaudite-related phases in the Na2MoO4-Cs2MoO4-CoMoO4 system". European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 2019 (2): 277–286. doi:10.1002/ejic.201801307. S2CID 105126213.
  129. ^ Kubíčková, Lenka; Weber, Anna Katharina; Panthöfer, Martin; Calder, Stuart; Möller, Angela (2024-07-02). "Cs 2 Fe 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 ─A Strongly Frustrated Magnet with Orbital Degrees of Freedom and Magnetocaloric Properties". Chemistry of Materials. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.4c01262. ISSN 0897-4756. PMC 11270738.
  130. ^ Zolotova, E. S.; Solodovnikova, Z. A.; Ayupov, B. M.; Solodovnikov, S. F. (16 August 2011). "Phase formation in the Li2MoO4-A2MoO4-NiMoO4 (A = K, Rb, Cs) systems, the crystal structure of Cs2Ni2(MoO4)3, and color characteristics of alkali-metal nickel molybdates". Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 56 (8): 1216–1221. doi:10.1134/S0036023611080298. S2CID 96079887.
  131. ^ Yu, Yang; Liu, Dan; Hu, Wei-wei; Li, Jia; Peng, Yu; Zhou, Qi; Yang, Fen; Li, Guang-hua; Shi, Zhan (2012). "Synthesis, Structure and Characterization of Three Metal Molybdate Hydrates: Fe(H2O)2(MoO4)2·H3O, NaCo2(MoO4)2(H3O2) and Mn2(MoO4)3·2H3O". Chem Res. Chinese Universities. 28 (2): 186–190. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
  132. ^ Gulyaeva, Oksana A.; Solodovnikova, Zoya A.; Solodovnikov, Sergey F.; Yudin, Vasiliy N.; Zolotova, Evgeniya S.; Komarov, Vladislav Yu. (April 2019). "Subsolidus phase relations and structures of solid solutions in the systems K2MoO4–Na2MoO4–MMoO4 (M = Mn, Zn)". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 272: 148–156. Bibcode:2019JSSCh.272..148G. doi:10.1016/j.jssc.2019.02.010. S2CID 104469445.
  133. ^ a b Han, Shujuan; Wang, Ying; Jing, Qun; Wu, Hongping; Pan, Shilie; Yang, Zhihua (2015). "Effect of the cation size on the framework structures of magnesium tungstate, A4Mg(WO4)3 (A = Na, K), R2Mg2 (WO4)3 (R = Rb, Cs)". Dalton Trans. 44 (12): 5810–5817. doi:10.1039/c5dt00332f. PMID 25715112.
  134. ^ Swain, Diptikanta; T. N. Guru Row (2005). "Dirubidium tricadmium tetrakis(sulfate) pentahydrate" (PDF). Acta Crystallographica Section E. 61 (8): i163–i164. Bibcode:2005AcCrE..61I.163S. doi:10.1107/S1600536805021252.
  135. ^ Yamada, N.; Tomoyuki Hikita; Kazuhiro Yamada (1981). "Pyroelectric properties of langbeinite-type K2Zn2(SO4)3". Ferroelectrics. 33 (1): 59–61. Bibcode:1981Fer....33...59Y. doi:10.1080/00150198108008070.
  136. ^ Kohler, K.; W. Franke (1964). "(NH4)2Mn2(SeO4)3, Ein Doppelselenat mit Langbeiniestruktur". Acta Crystallographica. 17 (8): 1088–1089. Bibcode:1964AcCry..17.1088K. doi:10.1107/S0365110X64002833.
  137. ^ Orlova, A. I.; V. A. Orlova; M. P. Orlova; D. M. Bykov; S. V. Stefanovskii; O. I. Stefanovskaya; B. S. Nikonov (2006). "The crystal-chemical principle in designing mineral-like phosphate ceramics for immobilization of radioactive waste". Radiochemistry. 48 (4): 330–339. doi:10.1134/S1066362206040035. S2CID 97539628.
  138. ^ Slobodyanik, M. S.; N. S. Slobodyanik; K. V. Terebilenko; I. V. Ogorodnyk; I. V. Zatovsky; M. Seredyuk; V. N. Baumer; P. Gütlich (2012). "K2MIII2(MVIO4)(PO4)2 (MIII = Fe, Sc; MVI = Mo, W), Novel Members of the Lagbeinite-Related Family: Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetic Properties". Inorg. Chem. 51 (5): 1380–1385. doi:10.1021/ic201575v. PMID 22260084.
Retrieved from "https://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=Langbeinites&oldid=1262459916"