Lake Athabasca (/ˌæθəˈbæskə/ ATH-ə-BASK-ə; French: lac Athabasca; from Woods Cree: ᐊᖬᐸᐢᑳᐤ[6] aðapaskāw, "[where] there are plants one after another")[7] is in the north-west corner of Saskatchewan and the north-east corner of Alberta between 58° and 60° N in Canada. The lake is 26% in Alberta and 74% in Saskatchewan.
| Lake Athabasca | |
|---|---|
 Ice breakup on Lake Athabasca (June 9, 2002)[1] | |
  Lake Athabasca Location in Saskatchewan  Lake Athabasca Lake Athabasca (Canada) | |
 Lake Athabasca (August 24, 2002)[3] | |
| Location |
|
| Coordinates | 59°22′1″N 108°0′4″W / 59.36694°N 108.00111°W[2] |
| Lake type | Glacial |
| Part of | Mackenzie River drainage basin |
| Primary inflows |
|
| Primary outflows | Rivière des Rochers, which meets with the Peace to form the Slave |
| Catchment area | 271,000 km2 (105,000 sq mi)[4] |
| Basin countries | Canada |
| Max. length | 283 km (176 mi) |
| Max. width | 50 km (31 mi) |
| Surface area | 7,850 km2 (3,030 sq mi)[5] |
| Average depth | 26 m (85 ft) |
| Max. depth | 124 m (407 ft) |
| Water volume | 204 km3 (49 cu mi) |
| Shore length1 | ≈1,900 km (1,200 mi) |
| Surface elevation | 213 m (699 ft) |
| Settlements | |
| References | [5] |
| 1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. | |
The lake is fed by the Athabasca River and other rivers, and its water flows northward via the Slave River to the Mackenzie River system, eventually reaching the Arctic Ocean.
History
editThe name in the Woods Cree language originally referred only to the Peace–Athabasca Delta formed by the confluence of the Peace and Athabasca rivers at the southwest corner of the lake. Prior to 1789, Sir Alexander Mackenzie explored the lake.[8][9] In 1791, Philip Turnor, cartographer for the Hudson's Bay Company, wrote in his journal, "low swampy ground on the South side with a few willows growing upon it, from which the Lake in general takes its name Athapison in the Southern Cree tongue which signifies open country such as lakes with willows and grass growing about them".[10] Peter Fidler originally recorded the name for the river in 1790 as the Great Arabuska. By 1801, the name had gained a closer spelling to the current name—Athapaskow Lake. By 1820, George Simpson referred to both the lake and the river as "Athabasca".[11]
Geography and natural history
edit
The lake covers 7,850 square kilometres (3,030 sq mi), is 283 kilometres (176 mi) long, has a maximum width of 50 kilometres (31 mi), and a maximum depth of 124 metres (407 ft), and holds 204 cubic kilometres (49 cu mi) of water, making it the largest and one of the deepest lakes in both Alberta and Saskatchewan (nearby Tazin Lake is deeper), and the eighth largest in Canada.[12] Water flows northward from the lake via the Slave River and Mackenzie River systems, eventually reaching the Arctic Ocean.
Fort Chipewyan, one of the oldest European settlements in Alberta, is on the western shore of the lake, where the Rivière des Rochers drains the lake and flows toward Slave River, beginning its northward journey along the eastern boundary of Wood Buffalo National Park. The eastern section of the lake narrows to a width of about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) near the community of Fond du Lac on the northern shore then continues to its most easterly point at the mouth of the Fond du Lac River.
Fidler Point on the north shore of Lake Athabasca is named for Peter Fidler, a surveyor and map maker for the Hudson's Bay Company.[13]
Along with other lakes such as the Great Bear Lake and Great Slave Lake, Lake Athabasca is a remnant of the vast Glacial Lake McConnell.
Tributaries
editTributaries of Lake Athabasca include (going clockwise); Fond du Lac River, Otherside River, Helmer Creek, MacFarlane River, Archibald River, William River, Ennuyeuse Creek, Dumville Creek, Debussac Creek, Jackfish Creek, Claussen Creek, Old Fort River, Crown Creek, Athabasca River, Colin River, Oldman River, Bulyea River, Grease River and Robillard River.[14][15]
Development and environment
editUranium and gold mining along the northern shore resulted in the birth of Uranium City, Saskatchewan, which was home to mine workers and their families. While the last mine closed in the 1980s, the effects of mining operations had already heavily contaminated the northern shores. The large oil sands mining nearby is suspected to have added to the current pollution levels in the lake.[16]
On October 31, 2013, one of Obed Mountain coal mine's pits failed, and from between 600 million to a billion litres of slurry poured into the Plante and Apetowun Creeks.[17] The plume of waste products then joined the Athabasca River, travelling downstream for a month before settling in Lake Athabasca near Fort Chipewyan, over 500 kilometres (310 mi) away.[17]
The Lake Athabasca Sand Dunes, the largest active sand dunes in the world north of 58°, are adjacent to the southern shore in Saskatchewan. The dunes were designated a "Provincial Wilderness Park" in 1992.[18]
Lake Athabasca contains 23 species of fish, with a world record lake trout of 46.3 kilograms (102 lb) caught from its depths in 1961 by means of a gillnet.[19] Other fish species include walleye, yellow perch, northern pike, goldeye, lake whitefish, cisco, Arctic grayling, burbot, white sucker, and longnose sucker.[20]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Great Slave Lake and Lake Athabasca, Canada (Note: Lake Athabasca during ice-break-up)". June 9, 2002. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
- ^ "Lake Athabasca". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- ^ "Burn Scars in Saskatchewan, Canada (Note: Dark to light rust coloured areas are burn scars from forest fires)". August 24, 2002. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
- ^ Rasouli, K.; Hernández-Henríquez, M.A.; Déry, S.J. (May 2, 2013). "Streamflow input to Lake Athabasca, Canada" (PDF). Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 17 (5): 1681–1691. Bibcode:2013HESS...17.1681R. doi:10.5194/hess-17-1681-2013.
- ^ a b Atlas of Canada (April 5, 2004). "Lakes of Canada". Natural Resources Canada. Archived from the original on April 10, 2007. Retrieved May 1, 2007.
- ^ in Cree syllabics
- ^ Bright, William (2004). Native American Place Names of the United States. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 52. ISBN 0-8061-3576-X. OCLC 53019644.
- ^ "Timeline". Crowsnest Highway. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
- ^ "Alexander Mackenzie Becomes the First European to Cross the Continent of North America at Its Widest Part". Science and its Times. Gale. 2000. ISBN 978-0-78763-932-7. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
- ^ Tyrrell, Joseph (1934). Journals of Samuel Hearne and Philip Turnor between the Years 1774 and 1792. Toronto: Champlain Society. ISBN 9780837150598.
- ^ Simpson, George (1938). "Journal of Occurrences in the Athabasca Department, 1820–1821". Champlain Society Publications. Toronto. ISBN 978-0811531757.
- ^ "Lake Athabasca". Atlas of Alberta Lakes. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press. 1990. ISBN 0-88864-214-8. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011.
- ^ "Place Names - Faria Creek - Friock Creek". Archived from the original on August 1, 2009. Retrieved May 18, 2008.
- ^ "Natural Resources Canada-Canadian Geographical Names (Lake Athabasca)". Retrieved December 28, 2014.
- ^ "Atlas of Canada Toporama". Retrieved December 28, 2014.
- ^
Elizabeth Southren (January 8, 2013). "Deep in Canadian Lakes, Signs of Tar Sands Pollution". National Public Radio. Archived from the original on May 7, 2013.
Canadian researchers have used the mud at the bottom of lakes like a time machine to show that tar sands oil production in Alberta, Canada, is polluting remote regional lakes as far as 50 miles from the operations.
- ^ a b Wohlberg, Meagan (October 21, 2015). "Two Years Later, Charges Laid in Massive Alberta Coal Mine Spill". Vice News. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
- ^ "Athabasca Sand Dunes Provincial Park". Tourism Saskatchewan. Government of Saskatchewan. Retrieved October 8, 2024.
- ^ "Lake Trout". Perspective Visuals, Inc. March 8, 2006. Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved July 6, 2006.
- ^ "Fish Species of Saskatchewan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 19, 2011. Retrieved October 13, 2012.
External links
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