Empress Xiaoliewu (1590 – 1 October 1626), of the Manchu Plain White Banner Ula Nara clan, personal name Abahai, was a consort of Nurhaci.[1][2] She was 31 years his junior.
| Abahai | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Khatun of Great Jin | |||||||||
 | |||||||||
| Khatun of the Later Jin dynasty | |||||||||
| 1st tenure | 17 February 1616 – 1620 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Empress Xiaoduanxian (in Ming) Empress Xiaocigao (posthumously) | ||||||||
| Successor | herself | ||||||||
| 2nd tenure | Late 1622/early 1623 – 30 September 1626 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | herself | ||||||||
| Successor | Empress Xiaoduanwen (in Qing) | ||||||||
| Empress Dowager of the Later Jin dynasty | |||||||||
| Tenure | 30 September 1626- 1 October 1626 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Empress Dowager Rensheng (in Ming) | ||||||||
| Successor | Empress Dowager Xiaoduanwen (in Qing) | ||||||||
| Born | Ula Nara Abahai (烏拉那拉·阿巴亥) 1590 (萬曆十八年) Jilin City | ||||||||
| Died | 1 October 1626 (aged 35–36) (天命十一年 八月 十二日) Mukden Palace | ||||||||
| Burial | |||||||||
| Spouse | |||||||||
| Issue | Ajige, Prince Ying of the First Rank Dorgon, Prince Ruizhong of the First Rank Dodo, Prince Yutong of the First Rank | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| House | Ula Nara (烏拉那拉; by birth) Aisin Gioro (by marriage) | ||||||||
| Father | Mantai | ||||||||
| Lady Abahai | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 孝烈武皇后 | ||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 孝烈武皇后 | ||||||
| |||||||
Abahai was erroneously identified with Hong Taiji, Nurhaci's eighth son and successor, in earlier sources.
Life
editFamily background
edit- Father: Mantai (滿泰; d. 1596), held the title of a third rank prince (貝勒)[2]
- Paternal grandfather: Bugan (布干), held the title of a third rank prince (貝勒)
- Paternal uncle: Bujantai (1575–1618), held the title of a third rank prince (貝勒)
Wanli era
editIn November or December 1601, Lady Ula Nara married Nurhaci, becoming one of his multiple wives.[3][2] Following the death of Empress Xiaocigao on 31 October 1603, Lady Ula Nara was elevated to Nurhaci's primary consort. She gave birth on 28 August 1605 to Nurhaci's 12th son, Ajige, on 17 November 1612 to his 14th son, Dorgon, and on 2 April 1614 to his 15th son, Dodo.
In early 1620, Lady Abahai was regularly spotted visiting Daišan, the Emperor's eldest son's chambers. She also prepared dishes for him. A lady-in-waiting reported those incidents to Nurhaci, who was outraged. However, wanting to protect the royal family's reputation, Nurhaci berated her for another matter, stealing gold and jewels. Lady Abahai was banished from the palace by Nurhaci, who then deposed her.[4]
Tianqi era
editAfter Lady Abahai's banishment, the Emperor started to miss her. By 1622, he was considering bringing her back. Around late 1622 to early 1623, Nurhaci brought back Lady Abahai to the palace, as she was restored to her titles as Empress and returned to her royal duties.
Tiancong era
editWhen Nurhaci died on 30 September 1626, Lady Ula Nara was forced to commit suicide by her stepson, Hong Taiji. According to legend, Lady Ula Nara was forced to be buried alive beside Nurhaci to prove her love for him. Other sources claim that she was strangled by Hong Taiji's servants as she stood as a threat to his ascension. Either way, Lady Ula Nara committed suicide on 1 October 1626, the day after Nurhaci's death, on the order of Hong Taiji. She was 36.
Shunzhi era
editDuring the early reign of the Shunzhi Emperor, Dorgon served as Prince-Regent for the underage emperor. In 1650, Lady Ula Nara was posthumously elevated to "Empress Xiaoliewu". In 1653, the Shunzhi Emperor revoked Lady Ula Nara's posthumous title.
Titles
edit- During the reign of the Wanli Emperor (r. 1572–1620):
- Lady Ula Nara (from 1590)
- Secondary consort (側福晉; from November/December 1601[5])
- Primary consort (大福晉; from 1603)
- During the reign of the Shunzhi Emperor (r. 1643–1661):
- Empress Xiaoliewu (孝烈武皇后; from 1650 to 1653)
Issue
edit- As primary consort:
- Ajige (阿濟格; 28 August 1605 – 28 November 1651), Nurhaci's 12th son, granted the title Prince Wuying of the Second Rank in 1636, elevated to Prince Ying of the First Rank in 1644
- Dorgon (多爾袞; 17 November 1612 – 31 December 1650), Nurhaci's 14th son, granted the title Prince Rui of the First Rank in 1636, posthumously honoured as Prince Ruizhong of the First Rank
- Dodo (多鐸; 2 April 1614 – 29 April 1649), Nurhaci's 15th son, granted the title Prince Yu of the First Rank in 1636, posthumously honoured as Prince Yutong of the First Rank
In fiction and popular culture
edit- Portrayed by Eva Lai in The Rise and Fall of Qing Dynasty (1987)
- Portrayed by Siqin Gaowa in Xiaozhuang Mishi (2003)
- Portrayed by Cheng Lisha in Taizu Mishi (2005)
- Portrayed by Tao Huimin in Da Qing Fengyun (2006)
- Portrayed by Kara Hui in The Legend of Xiaozhuang (2015)
- Portrayed by Chen Xinyu in Rule the World (2017)
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ 刘楠; Nan, L. I. U. (2020-09-15). "清入关前对八旗基层组织的控制——以乌苏氏季思哈、吉普喀达为例". 清史研究 (in Chinese) (5): 81. ISSN 1002-8587.
- ^ a b c _博、任吉_. 大清盛世 (in Chinese). 飛翔時代.
- ^ 上官雲飛 (2006-09-01). 大清后妃傳奇 (in Chinese). 大都會文化. ISBN 978-957-8219-56-4.
- ^ 兰泊宁著 (2015-01-01). 大清十三钗 (in Chinese). Beijing Book Co. Inc. ISBN 978-7-5034-5603-9.
- ^ 萬曆二十九年 十一月
References
edit- Hummel, Arthur W. Sr., ed. (1943). . Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office.
- Zhao, Erxun (1928). Draft History of Qing (Qing Shi Gao) (in Chinese). Vol. 214.