Wikipedia

LGBTQ rights in Nigeria

See also: LGBT rights in Northern Nigeria

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Nigeria face severe challenges not experienced by non-LGBTQ residents. LGBT rights are generally infringed upon; both male and female expressions of homosexuality are illegal in Nigeria and punishable by up to 14 years of prison in the conventional court system.[2] There is no legal protection for LGBT rights in Nigeria—a largely conservative country of more than 230 million people,[3] split between a mainly Muslim north and a mainly Christian south. Very few LGBT persons are open about their sexual orientation, as violence against them is frequent. According to PinkNews, Nigerian authorities generally target the LGBT community.[4] Many LGBT Nigerians are fleeing to countries with progressive law to seek protection.[5]

LGBTQ rights in Nigeria
Nigeria
StatusIllegal since 1904 (Northern Region only; as Northern Nigeria Protectorate)[1]: 34 
Illegal since 1916 (Region-wide; as Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria)[1]: 34 
PenaltyUp to 14 years imprisonment
Life imprisonment according to federal law
States under Shari'a law: Death
(Applies to persons who have consented to jurisdiction of Shari'a courts plus all Muslims)
Gender identityNo
MilitaryNo
Discrimination protectionsNo
Family rights
Recognition of relationshipsNo recognition of same-sex unions
Restrictions"The Same-Sex Marriage Prohibition Act" criminalises all forms of same-sex unions
AdoptionNo
Cape Town Pride 2014 participants protested in support of LGBT rights in Nigeria.

Attempted same-sex marriages have also been criminalised within Nigeria since 2013. The maximum punishment in the 12 northern states that have adopted Shari'a law is death by stoning. That law applies to all Muslims and to those who have voluntarily consented to application of the Shari'a courts. In southern Nigeria and under the secular criminal laws of northern Nigeria, the maximum punishment for same-sex sexual activity is 14 years' imprisonment.

According to the 2007 Pew Global Attitudes Project, 97%[6] of Nigerian residents believe that homosexuality is a way of life that society should not accept, which was the second-highest rate of non-acceptance in the 45 countries surveyed.[7] In 2015, a survey by an organisation founded by a Nigerian homosexual activist based in London claimed this percentage decreased to 94%. In this survey by Bisi Alimi, as of the same period the percentage of Nigerians who agree LGBT persons should receive education, healthcare, and housing is 30%.[8] The level of disapproval declined slightly to 91% in another Pew Research Center poll in 2019.[9]

Legality of same-sex sexual activity

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Federal Republic of Nigeria

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Criminal law

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Federal Criminal Code in all southern states
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Sex acts between men are illegal under the Criminal Code that applies to southern Nigeria and carry a maximum penalty of 14 years' imprisonment. Sex acts between women are not mentioned specifically in the code, although it is arguable that the gender-neutral term "person" in Section 214 of the code includes women. Chapter 21 of that code provides in pertinent part as follows:[10]

  • Section 214.

Any person who – (a) has carnal knowledge of any person against the order of nature; or (c) permits a male person to have carnal knowledge of him or her against the order of nature; is guilty of a felony, and is liable to imprisonment for fourteen years.

  • Section 215.

Any person who attempts to commit any of the offences defined in the last preceding section is guilty of a felony and is liable to imprisonment for seven years. The offender cannot be arrested without a warrant.

  • Section 217.

Any male person who, whether in public or private, commits any act of gross indecency with another male person, or procures another male person to commit any act of gross indecency with him, or attempts to procure the commission of any such act by any male person with himself or with another male person, whether in public or private, is guilty of a felony and is liable to imprisonment for three years. The offender cannot be arrested without a warrant.

Federal Penal Code in all northern states
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Section 284 of the Penal Code (Northern States) Federal Provisions Act, which applies to all states in northern Nigeria, provides that:

Whoever has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to fourteen years and shall also be liable to fine.[11]: page: 69 

Section 405 provides that a male person who dresses or is attired in the fashion of a woman in a public place or who practises sodomy as a means of livelihood or as a profession is a "vagabond". Under Section 407, the punishment is a maximum of one year's imprisonment or a fine, or both.[11]: page: 126 

Section 405 also provides that an "incorrigible vagabond" is "any person who after being convicted as a vagabond commits any of the offences which will render him liable to be convicted as such again".[11]: page: 127  The punishment under Section 408 is a maximum of two years' imprisonment or a fine, or both.[11]: page: 128 

Shari'a law enacted by certain northern states
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Twelve northern states have adopted some form of Shari'a into their criminal statutes: Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Niger, Sokoto, Yobe, and Zamfara. The Shari'a criminal laws apply to those who voluntarily consent to the jurisdiction of the Shari'a courts and to all Muslims.[11]: page: 45 

Meaning of sodomy
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In the states of Kaduna and Yobe, "sodomy" is committed by "[w]hoever has anal coitus with any man".

In the states of Kano and Katsina, "sodomy" is committed by "[w]hoever has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man or woman through her rectum".

In the states of Bauchi, Gombe, Jigawa, Sokoto, and Zamfara, "sodomy" is committed by "[w]hoever has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man or woman".[11]: page: 69 

Punishment for offence of sodomy
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In the states of Gombe, Jigawa, Zamfara, and Kano, an unmarried person who commits the offence of sodomy shall be punished with "caning of one hundred lashes" and imprisonment for the length of one year. If married, the punishment for committing sodomy is execution by stoning (rajm). In Kano, death by stoning also applies if one has previously been married.[12]: 70 

In the state of Bauchi, a person who commits the offence of sodomy shall be punished with stoning to death (rajm) or by any other means decided by the state.[11]: page: 70 

In the states of Kaduna, Katsina, Kebbi, and Yobe, a person who commits the offence of sodomy shall be punished with stoning to death (rajm).[11]: page: 70 

In the state of Sokoto, a person who commits the offence of sodomy shall be punished with stoning to death. If a minor commits the act on an adult, the minor faces correctional punishment and the adult faces punishment by way of ta'azir which may extend to 100 lashes.[12]: 70  In Sokoto, ta'azir means a discretionary punishment for offence whose punishment is not specified.[11]: page: 53 

Meaning of lesbianism
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In the states of Bauchi, Gombe, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto, Yobe, and Zamfara, lesbianism is committed by "[w]hoever, being a woman, engages another woman in carnal intercourse through her sexual organ or by means of stimulation or sexual excitement of one another." Bauchi, Jigawa, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto, Yobe and Zamfara states include the following official explanation: "the offence is committed by the unnatural fusion of the female sexual organs and/or by the use of natural or artificial means to stimulate or attain sexual satisfaction or excitement."[11]: page: 71 

Punishment for offence of lesbianism
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In the states of Gombe, Jigawa, Kebbi, Sokoto, Yobe, Zamfara, and Bauchi, a person who is found guilty of committing this offence will be subject to punishment by caning which could last up to fifty lashings. Additionally, any persons convicted of committing lesbianism face imprisonment lasting up to six months, except for in Bauchi, where imprisonment may last up to five years.[11]: page: 71 

In the state of Kaduna, the punishment for committing the offence of lesbianism is ta'azir, which means "any punishment not provided for by way of hadd or qisas".[11]: page: 53  "Hadd" means "punishment that is fixed by Islamic law".[11]: page: 54  "Qisas" includes "punishments inflicted upon offenders by way of retaliation for causing death/injuries to a person".[11]: page: 54 

In the states of Kano and Katsina, the punishment for committing the offence of lesbianism is stoning to death.[11]: page: 71 

Meaning of gross indecency
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In the state of Kaduna, a person commits an act of gross indecency if they expose themselves naked in public or perform other related acts of similar nature that are capable of corrupting public morals.

In the states of Kano and Katsina, the definition of gross indecency is the same as the state of Kaduna, however, the law includes kissing in public.

In the state of Gombe, a person commits an act of gross indecency by committing "any sexual offence against the normal or usual standards of behaviour".

The states of Bauchi, Jigawa, Kebbi, Sokoto, Yobe, and Zamfara do not define gross indecency. Their laws instead say: "Whoever commits an act of gross indecency upon the person of another without his consent or by the use of force or threat compels a person to join with him in the commission of such act shall be punished".[11]: page: 71 

Punishment for offence of gross indecency
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A person who commits the offence of gross indecency "shall be punished with caning which may extend to forty lashes and may be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year and may also be liable to fine". In the state of Bauchi, imprisonment may last for a term of up to seven years.

In the state of Kaduna, the punishment for committing the offence of gross indecency is ta'azir, which means "any punishment not provided for by way of hadd or qisas".[11]: page: 53  "Hadd" means "punishment that is fixed by Islamic law".[11]: page: 54  "Qisas" includes "punishments inflicted upon offenders by way of retaliation for causing death/injuries to a person".[11]: page: 54 

In the state of Sokoto, a person who commits the offence of gross indecency "shall be punished with caning which may extend to forty lashes or may be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year, or both, and may also be liable to fine".[11]: page: 71 

Meanings of vagabond and incorrigible vagabond
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In the states of Bauchi, Gombe, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto, Yobe, and Zamfara, a male is deemed a vagabond should they dress in the fashion of a woman in a public place or who practices sodomy as a means of work or profession.[11]: page: 127 

In the states of Kano and Katsina, they describe a female as a vagabond as a female who wears male clothes or is attired like a man in a public place.[11]: page: 127 

In the states of Bauchi, Gombe, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto, Yobe, and Zamfara, an "incorrigible vagabond" is any person who behaves as a vagabond again after already being convicted as one.[11]: page: 127 

Punishment for being a vagabond or incorrigible vagabond
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In the states of Bauchi, Gombe, Jigawa, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto, Yobe, and Zamfara, a person convicted as being a vagabond faces imprisonment lasting up to one year and caning extending up to thirty lashes. In the state of Kano, imprisonment may not exceed eight months and caning may extend to thirty-five lashes.[11]: page: 127 

In the state of Kaduna, the punishment for being convicted as a vagabond or as an incorrigible vagabond is ta'azir,[11]: page: 127, 129  which means "any punishment not provided for by way of hadd or qisas".[11]: page: 53  "Hadd" means "punishment that is fixed by Islamic law".[11]: page: 54  "Qisas" includes "punishments inflicted upon offenders by way of retaliation for causing death/injuries to a person".[11]: page: 54 

In the states of Gombe, Jigawa, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto, Yobe, and Zamfara, a person convicted as being an incorrigible vagabond faces imprisonment lasting up to two years and caning extending up to fifty lashes.[11]: page: 128  In the state of Bauchi, caning may not exceed forty lashes, and in the state of Kano, imprisonment may not exceed one year.[11]: page: 129 

Secular criminal law enacted by certain northern states
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Same-sex sexual activities
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In the state of Bormo, a person who "engages in ... lesbianism, homosexual act ... in the State commits an offence". A person who "engages in sexual intercourse with another person of the same gender shall upon conviction be punished with death".[12]: pages: 199–200 

Males imitating the behavioural attitudes of women
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In the state of Kano, a person who "being a male gender who acts, behaves or dresses in a manner which imitate the behavioural attitude of women shall be guilty of an offence and upon conviction, be sentenced to 1 year imprisonment or a fine of N10,000 or both".[12]: page: 202 

Recognition of same-sex relationships

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Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in Nigeria

Public opinion on same-sex marriage (2023) based on Pew Research Center[13]

  Strongly favor (1%)
  Somewhat favor (1%)
  Not sure (1%)
  Somewhat oppose (5%)
  Strongly oppose (92%)

On 18 January 2007, the cabinet of Nigeria approved the Same Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Act 2006 and sent it to the National Assembly for urgent action.[14] The bill, however, did not pass.[Note 1]

On 29 November 2011, the Senate of Nigeria passed the "Same Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Bill, 2011". The bill was passed on 30 May 2013 by the House of Representatives of Nigeria.[15] If signed into law by President Goodluck Jonathan, the bill would:

  • make a marriage contract or civil union entered into between persons of the same sex "invalid and illegal and ... not recognized as entitled to the benefits of a valid marriage"
  • make void and unenforceable in Nigeria a marriage contract or civil union entered into between persons of the same sex by virtue of a certificate issued by a foreign country
  • prohibit the solemnization of any marriage or civil union entered into between persons of the same sex "in any place of worship either Church or Mosque or any other place or whatsoever called in Nigeria"
  • prohibit the registration of "gay clubs, societies and organisations, their sustenance, processions and meetings"
  • prohibit the "public show of same sex amorous relationship directly or indirectly"
  • make a person who enters into a same sex marriage contract or civil union liable for 14 years' imprisonment
  • make a person who "registers, operates or participates in gay clubs, societies and organisation, or directly or indirectly make public show of same sex amorous relationship in Nigeria" liable for 10 years' imprisonment
  • make a person or group of persons that "witness, abet and aids the solemnization of a same sex marriage or civil union, or supports the registration, operation and sustenance of gay clubs, societies, organisations, processions or meetings in Nigeria" liable for 10 years' imprisonment
  • define "civil union" for purposes of this law to mean "any arrangement between persons of the same sex to live together as sex partners, and ... include such descriptions as adult independent relationships, caring partnerships, civil partnerships, civil solidarity pacts, domestic partnerships, reciprocal beneficiary relationships, registered partnerships, significant relationships, stable unions, etc."[16]

On 7 January 2014, the president of Nigeria, Goodluck Jonathan, signed into law the Same-Sex Marriage Prohibition Act, which parliament passed in May 2013. The law follows a similar one passed in Uganda in December 2013, which imposes life imprisonment for some types of homosexual acts.

Anti-discrimination protections

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The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria does not specifically protect LGBT rights, but it does contain various provisions guaranteeing all citizens equal rights (Section 17(2)(a)) as well as other rights, including adequate medical and health care (Section 17(3)(d)) and equal opportunity in the workplace (Section 17(3)(a)).[17]

There is no enacted legislation protecting against discrimination or harassment based on sexual orientation or gender identity. None of the political parties in Nigeria has formally endorsed LGBT rights. Two of the most successful political parties in the National Assembly, the People's Democratic Party and the All Nigeria Peoples Party, are overtly hostile to LGBT rights. Smaller, more liberal political parties have also spoken against LGBT rights.

Living conditions

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Nigeria is considered a conservative country.[18] There is demonstrated public hostility towards same-sex relationships.[19] In addition to legal punishment, openly homosexual citizens are subject to public aggression and violence. Estimates of the homosexual population in the country have ranged from fifteen to twenty million.[20][21][22] Studies have found that the majority of LGBT Nigerians identify as Christian in denominations such as Anglicanism.[23]

Some organizations in Nigeria try to assist LGBT persons, such as the Metropolitan Community Churches. Affiliation with these groups may place individuals at risk of violence or abuse.[19]

The U.S. Department of State's 2011 Human Rights Report found:[24]: 50 

Because of widespread societal taboos against homosexuality, very few persons openly revealed their orientation. The [non-governmental organizations] ... Global Rights and The Independent Project provided lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) groups with legal advice and training in advocacy, media responsibility, and HIV/AIDS awareness.

Arrests

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In August 2007, eighteen men were arrested by Bauchi state police and charged with sodomy for dressing as women, which is illegal under Shari'a penal code.[25] These charges were later dropped to vagrancy, and the men were held in jail for several years waiting for trial — which eventually dissolved by the end of 2011.[24]: 51 

On 12 September 2008, four newspapers published the names and addresses of twelve members of the House of rainbow Metropolitan Church, an LGBT-friendly church in Lagos. Some of these members were threatened, beaten and stoned by members of the public.[26] Following these incidents the church cancelled conferences for concerns about the safety of attendees.[24]: 51 

On 15 April 2017, authorities in the state of Kaduna arrested 53 men for allegedly conspiring to attend a same-sex wedding.[27] The accused were charged with conspiracy, unlawful assembly, and belonging to an unlawful society.[28][29][30]

Lagos State arrested 42 men for homosexuality in August 2017.[31] In June 2018, the Nigerian police arrested more than 100 party-goers at a hotel in Asaba, Delta State, on charges that they were gays and lesbians.[32] By July 2018, they were facing homosexuality-related charges in court.[33]

In January 2019, Dolapo Badmos, the spokesperson for the Lagos State Police Command, warned homosexuals to flee the country or face prosecution. She stated in an Instagram post: "Any persons that are homosexually orientated should leave Nigeria or risk facing prosecution." Dolapo Badmos continues to state that there are laws in Nigeria that forbid homosexual clubs, associations and organisations where anyone found to be associated with these could be penalised up to 15 years in jail.[34][35]

In August 2023, police raided a gay wedding in Warri in Delta state and arrested dozens of people.[36]

In October 2023, 76 people (59 men and 17 women) were arrested at a gay party in Gombe state in northern Nigeria where police said a gay wedding was to be held.[36]

Egbeda 57

The Egbeda 57 was a case that held attention of the nation and that of the LGBTQ community in Nigeria for two years. It was believed to have started with a birthday party held in a hotel in Egbeda a suburban community in Lagos Nigeria, in 2018; a party believed to have been attended by young men and women, but which was interrupted by a police raid that led to the arrest of everyone the police could round up from the hotel’s environs. However, 57 of the young men arrested during the raid were alleged to be having an initiation into the LGBTQ community.[37][38][39][40] Among the victims was James Brown, a Nigerian crossdresser who become popularly known with the Nigerian slang "They Didnt Caught Me".

Warri 67

The Warri 67 is a case of mass arrest that took place at supposed gay party/marriage ceremony at a hotel in Warri, a suburban city in Delta state, Southern Nigeria. The victims of the raids were said to be counted in 100s. However, 67 of them charged to court for trial. The police in a statement following the arrest said they acted based on tipped information from undisclosed source about a marriage ceremony that was taking place in a private hotel. The raid however raised eyebrows from human right observers and the internal community, as the party was a private one and the organizers are supposed to be accorded their right to privacy.[41][42][43][44]

Gombe 76

The Gombe 76 was a case of mass arrest which occurred in Gombe, a state in the North Eastern region of Nigeria. The raid and arrest were carried out by members of the Nigerian Security and Civil Defense Corp (NCDC). The security operatives in a realized statement said the arrest was made following a tip-off on a same-sex birthday party and a planned marriage in the state capital. The security personals alleged 21 of the victims had confessed to be gay. The arrest was, however, criticized by Amnesty International.[45][46][47]

Ambassador to the UN

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In 2006, Philip Alston, the UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, delivered an oral statement to the Human Rights Council. To this, Joseph Ayalogu, the Nigerian ambassador to the UN,[48] countered that "homosexuality and lesbianism " are "serious offences and odious conduct", that capital punishment is "appropriate and just punishment," and that those who believe executions are "excessive" are "judgemental rather than objective".[49][50]

Lagos Fashion Week

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Though Lagos Fashion Week is held twice yearly in public, some fashion labels choose to hold only private showings to prevent accusations of immorality or to avoid last-minute cancellations by hosts amid negative attention.[51]

Summary table

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Same-sex sexual activity legal  /  (Penalty: Up to death in Shari'a states; up to 14 years’ imprisonment in non-Shari'a states)
Equal age of consent  
Anti-discrimination laws in employment only  
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services  
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (Incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech)  
Same-sex marriages   (Statutory ban since 2013)
Recognition of same-sex couples  
Step-child adoption by same-sex couples  
Joint adoption by same-sex couples  
Gays and lesbians allowed to serve openly in the military  
Right to change legal gender   Crossdressing is illegal in 12 states in Northern Nigeria.
Access to IVF for lesbians  
Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples  
MSMs allowed to donate blood  

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The bill would have:
    • provided that "only marriage entered into between a man and a woman under the marriage Act or under the Islamic and Customary Laws are valid and recognized in Nigeria"
    • made void in Nigeria any "marriage entered into by persons of same sex pursuant to a license issued by another state, country, foreign jurisdiction or otherwise"
    • prohibited the issuance of a marriage license to persons of the same sex
    • prohibited recognition in Nigeria of "[m]arriage between persons of same sex entered into in any jurisdiction whether within or outside Nigeria, any other state or country or otherwise or any other location or relationships between persons of the same sex which are treated as marriage in any jurisdiction, whether within or outside Nigeria"
    • required "[a]ll arms of government and agencies in the Federal Republic of Nigeria ... [to] not give effect to any public act, record or judicial proceeding within or outside Nigeria, with regard to same sex marriage or relationship or a claim arising from such marriage or relationship"
    • provided that all "contractual or other rights granted to persons involved in same sex marriage or accruing to such persons by virtue of a license shall be unenforceable in any Court of law in Nigeria"
    • denied the courts of Nigeria the "jurisdiction to grant a divorce, separation and maintenance orders with regard to such same sex marriage, consider or rule on any of their rights arising from or in connection with such marriage"
    • prohibited the celebration of same sex marriage "in any place of worship by any recognized cleric of a Mosque, Church, denomination or body to which such place of worship belongs"
    • imposed up to five years' imprisonment for anyone who "goes through the ceremony of marriage with a person of the same sex" or "performs, witnesses, aids, or abets the ceremony of same sex marriage"
    • imposed up to five years' imprisonment for anyone who "is involved in the registration of gay clubs, societies and organizations"
    • prohibited "[p]ublicity, procession[,] and public show of same-sex amorous relationship through the electronic or print media physically, directly, indirectly or otherwise"
    • made same sex couples ineligible to adopt children

References

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  1. ^ a b Han, Enze (3 May 2018). British Colonialism and the Criminalization of Homosexuality. Routledge. ISBN 9781351256186.
  2. ^ Bourbeau, Heather (December 2019). "Human Rights". Shari'ah Criminal Law in Northern Nigeria: 39. Archived from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022 – via justice.gov.
  3. ^ "The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. 20 October 2022.
  4. ^ Condon, Ali (November 2023). "Nigeria: Mass LGBTQ+ arrests 'based on assumptions, not investigation', activists say". PinkNews. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  5. ^ Tayo, Ayomide O. "From near death to detention in USA, this is the story of LGBTQ+ activist Edafe Okporo". Archived from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  6. ^ The number of adults (all were at least 18 years of age) surveyed in Nigeria was 1,128, yielding a margin of error of 3 percent with a 95 percent confidence level.
  7. ^ ""Pew Global Attitudes Project", (pages 35, 83, and 117)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 February 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2009.
  8. ^ Alimi, Adebisi. "Why My Mom Didn't Say 'I Love You' For 11 Years." National Public Radio. 19 July 2015. Retrieved on 21 July 2015.
  9. ^ ""The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists"". 25 June 2020. Archived from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
  10. ^ "Chapter 21, Nigerian Criminal Code". Archived from the original on 20 July 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad "Sharia Implementation in Northern Nigeria 1999–2006: A Sourcebook, authored by Philip Ostien, Spectrum Books Limited, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2007, volume IV, chapter 4, part III (republished on the Internet by the University of Bayreuth with permission of the author and publisher)" (PDF).
  12. ^ a b c d "Sharia Implementation in Northern Nigeria 1999–2006: A Sourcebook, authored by Philip Ostien, Spectrum Books Limited, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2007, volume III, chapter 3, part IV (republished on the Internet by the University of Bayreuth with permission of the author and publisher)" (PDF).
  13. ^ "How people in 24 countries view same-sex marriage". PewResearchCenter. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  14. ^ ""Appendix: A Bill for an Act To Make Provisions for the Prohibition of Sexual Relationship Between Persons of the Same Sex, Celebration of Marriage By Them And For Other Matters Connected Therewith", reprinted in "Human Rights, Homosexuality and the Anglican Communion: Reflections in Light of Nigeria", Fulcrum: Renewing the Evangelical Centre, authored by Ephraim Radner and Andrew Goddard". Archived from the original on 12 June 2008.
  15. ^ "Nigerian Same Sex Marriage Ban Violates LGBTI Rights". www.freedomhouse.org.
  16. ^ "Nigeria Same Sex Marriage Bill-final" – via Scribd.
  17. ^ "Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria". www.nigeria-law.org.
  18. ^ Hancock, Edith. "The 25 most conservative, intolerant, and polluted countries in the world". Business Insider. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  19. ^ a b ""Tell Me Where I Can Be Safe"". Human Rights Watch. 20 October 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  20. ^ Sussner, Petra (1 March 2022). "Addressing Heteronormativity: The Not-So-Lost Requirement of Discretion in (Austrian) Asylum Law". International Journal of Refugee Law. 34 (1). Oxford University Press (OUP): 31–53. doi:10.1093/ijrl/eeac018. ISSN 0953-8186.
  21. ^ Adéné, Ayϙ (10 August 2017). "Nigeria - 42 LGBT persons arrested". ZAM. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  22. ^ Stewart, C. (2009). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of LGBT Issues Worldwide [3 volumes]: [3 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 2-PA98. ISBN 978-0-313-34232-5. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  23. ^ Nel, M. (2021). LGBTIQ + people and Pentecostals: An African Pentecostal hermeneutic perspective. Exegese in Unserer Zeit. Kontextuelle Bi Series. Lit Verlag. p. 176. ISBN 978-3-643-91248-0. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  24. ^ a b c "2011 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Nigeria, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State" (PDF).
  25. ^ "2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Nigeria". Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State.
  26. ^ "2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Nigeria, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, page 58" (PDF).
  27. ^ "Nigeria charges 53 over gay wedding". SBS News. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  28. ^ Broverman, Neal (22 April 2017). "53 Men Arrested in Nigeria for Attending 'Gay Wedding'". The Advocate. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  29. ^ Gaffey, Conor (20 April 2017). "Nigeria: 53 People Charged for 'Same-Sex Marriage Conspiracy'". Newsweek. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  30. ^ "Nigeria 'gay wedding' bust leads to charges". BBC News. 20 April 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  31. ^ "Mass 'homosexual' arrests in Nigeria". BBC News. 31 July 2017.
  32. ^ "Nigeria: Police arrest over 100 alleged gay and lesbians". Rights Africa – Equal Rights, One Voice!. 11 June 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  33. ^ Daemon, Mike (2 July 2018). "Nigeria: 100+ youths face homosexuality charges in court". Erasing 76 Crimes. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  34. ^ "Leave Nigeria now or suffer, police tell homosexuals". Punch Newspapers. 22 January 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  35. ^ "Nigerian police chief says gay people 'should leave country'". The Week UK. 24 January 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  36. ^ a b "Nigeria's paramilitary raids birthday party, arrests 76 gay people". CNN. 24 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  37. ^ https://www.google.com/search?q=Egbeda+57&oq=Egbeda+57&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOdIBCTI2MzU4ajBqN6gCALACAA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#ip=1 [bare URL]
  38. ^ "57 suspected homosexuals arrested during initiation in Lagos". 28 August 2018.
  39. ^ https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/281505-nigeria-police-storm-hotel-arrest-57-accuse-them-of-homosexuality.html [bare URL]
  40. ^ "Police storm hotel, arrest 57 for alleged homosexual initiation". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 28 August 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  41. ^ Omonigho, Matthew (29 August 2023). "Police arrest 67 gay suspects in Delta hotel". Daily Post Nigeria. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  42. ^ Adurokiya, Ebenezer (29 August 2023). "Police arrest gay suspects at wedding ceremony in Delta". Tribune Online. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
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