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Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in Macau, a special administrative region of China, face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. While same-sex sexual activity was decriminalized in 1996,[1] same-sex couples and households headed by same-sex couples remain ineligible for some legal rights available to opposite-sex couples.
LGBTQ rights in Macau | |
|---|---|
 Location of Macau within China | |
| Status | Legal since 1996, with an equal age of consent |
| Gender identity | No |
| Military | China responsible for defense |
| Discrimination protections | Sexual orientation protections in employment |
| Family rights | |
| Recognition of relationships | No |
| Adoption | No |
Law regarding same-sex sexual activity
editSame-sex sexual activity became legal in 1996. The general age of consent for homosexual sex, as well as heterosexual, is 14 years.
According to "Penal Code of Macau" Article 166, committing anal coitus with whomever under the age of 14 is a crime and shall be punished by imprisonment between 3 and up 10 years. If anal coitus is committed with someone 14 to 16 years old, taking advantage of his/her inexperience, is a crime punished with a prison term up to 4 years.
Recognition of same-sex relationships
editSame-sex marriage or civil unions are not currently recognised in Macau.
In March 2013, José Pereira Coutinho, a Member of the Legislative Assembly, submitted a bill to the Legislative Assembly to recognize same-sex civil unions, granting them the same rights as heterosexual couples, except the right to adopt. The bill was rejected with the sole vote of Coutinho in favor, 17 votes against and 4 abstentions.
Discrimination protection
editThe Basic Law of Macau's Article 25 indicates the people of Macau are free from discrimination based on a non-exhaustive list of prohibited factors. Sexual orientation is not included in said list of prohibited discrimination grounds. However, there are anti-discrimination protections based on sexual orientation in the fields of labour relations (article 6/2 of the Law No. 7/2008),[2][3][a] protection of personal data (article 7/1,2 of Law No. 8/2005),[b] and ombudsman (article 31-A of Law No. 4/2012).[c]
The Principle of equality in the Labour Relations Law protects workers and job seekers from discrimination on the ground of sexual orientation.[4] Employers who contravene the principle may be find up to MOP$50,000 for every worker or job seeker affected.[5]
Domestic violence law
editIn 2011, the Macau government conducted a public consultation on a draft law against domestic violence in which "same-sex cohabitants in an intimate relationship" were in the scope of protection.[6] However, in the concluding report published in 2012, the Macau government decided to drop the reference to same-sex cohabitants for "a lack of social consensus".[6]
In October 2015, Rainbow of Macau submitted a complaint to the UN Committee against Torture alleging the Macau government of "depriving persons in same-sex Relationship of equal protection in domestic violence legislation".[7] The Committee, in its concluding observations on Macau, noted its concern that not "all individuals in an intimate relationship regardless of their sexual orientation" were in the scope of the draft domestic violence law.[8] The Committee urged the Macau government to protect all victims of domestic violence "without discrimination".[8]
In 2016, the Macau government insisted on the exclusion of same-sex cohabitants from the scope of the domestic violence legislation.[9] Rainbow of Macau criticised the Macau government for enacting "a discriminatory law" and expressed its concern about "[sending] a harmful message to Macau communities that discrimination on the ground of sexual orientation is justifiable".[10]
Gender identity
editIn February 2015, transgender women Avery (pseudonym) talked to the Macau media about the experience of abuse and bullying when she was studying in a local school.[11] Avery requested the Macau authorities to change the gender marker on her identity documents.[11] In June 2015, the Law Reform Consultative Committee announced the commencement of a study on revising the law to allow transgender people to apply for changing gender marker.[12]
In 2020, the UN Human Rights Committee asked the Macau government to provide information on any step taken to "legally recognize transgender persons" and enable them to change the gender marker on identity documents.[13]
Homophobia
editStigmatisation
editOn 9 June 2015, local newspaper Exmoo published a story on the front page about a high school student allegedly molesting a 9-year-old child. The perpetrator was referred to as "gay demon" (Chinese: 基魔) in the title of the story.[14] Spokesperson for Rainbow of Macau Jason Chao, in an article published in the Macau Concealers, criticised the use of the term "demon".[15] Chao said the Penal Code of Macau treats homosexual and heterosexual sex offenders in the same way. The abuse of power relations, rather than homosexuality, would constitute an aggravation in this criminal case.[15] Chao added that the newspaper's logic would justify the saying that "straight demons" were invading Macau "en masse" since the perpetrators in Macau's sex abuse cases had been predominately heterosexual.[15]
Clinical examination
editOn 16 August 2018, deputy director of the Education and Youth Affairs Bureau (DSEJ) Leong Vai Kei said that students with "indications of homosexuality" would be referred to doctors or psychologists for a medical examination.[16] Later, Leong claimed that the media had misquoted her and apologised for the incorrect translation from Cantonese.[17]
LGBT rights activism and culture
editIn late 2012 it was announced the creation of the "Macau LGBT Rights Concern Group", led by openly gay politician Jason Chao. Since the creation of the Concern Group it has had an active presence in local media advocating for LGBT rights, namely the inclusion of gay couples in the domestic violence bill and the recognition of same-sex marriage or civil unions. In April 2013 was created the association "Rainbow of Macau", a new group striving to protect the rights of Macau's LGBT community. The Rainbow of Macau is the city's first gay rights group officially registered and is led by Anthony Lam Ka Long.
Despite the surge in LGBT activism, gay culture in Macau remains mostly invisible. However, the lesbian-themed movie I'm here, directed by Tracy Choi, won the Macau Indies 2012 Jury's Award at the Macau International Film and Video Festival 2012 (MIFVF). According to the newspaper Macau Daily Times, "the movie depicts the problems that homosexuals face in their daily life, especially when living in a small town" like Macau.
Summary table
edit| Same-sex sexual activity legal |  (Since 1996)
|
| Equal age of consent (14) |
|
| Anti-discrimination laws in employment | (Since 2008) [2]
|
| Anti-discrimination laws in provision of goods and services | 
|
| Anti-discrimination laws in indirect discrimination, hate speech and hate violence |
|
| Same-sex marriages |
|
| Recognition of same-sex couples (e.g. civil partnerships) |
|
| Step-child adoption by same-sex couples |
|
| Joint adoption by same-sex couples |
|
| LGBT people allowed to serve openly in the military |  (China is responsible for defense)
|
| Right to change legal gender |
|
| Intersex minors protected from invasive surgical procedures |
|
| Third gender option |
|
| Conversion therapy banned on minors |
|
| Access to IVF for lesbians |
|
| Automatic parenthood for both spouses after birth |
|
| Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples |
|
| MSMs allowed to donate blood |
|
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Chinese: 勞動關係法, Cantonese romanization: Lòuhduhng Gwāanhaih Faat;
Portuguese: Lei das relações de trabalho - ^ Chinese: 個人資料保護法, Cantonese romanization: Goyàhn Jīlíu Bóuwuh Faat;
Portuguese: Lei da Protecção de Dados Pessoais - ^ Chinese: 修改第10/2000號法律《澳門特別行政區廉政公署, Cantonese romanization: Sāugói Daih 10/2000 Houh Faatleuht《Oumùhn Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui Lìhmjing Gūngchyúh》;
Portuguese: Alteração à Lei n.° 10/2000 "Comissariado contra a Corrupção da Região Administrativa Especial de Macau"
References
edit- ^ "STATE-SPONSORED HOMOPHOBIA 11TH EDITION" (PDF). ILGA.
- ^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "愛瞞日報 Macau Concealers". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
- ^ Labour Relations Law Article 6 Principle of equality 1. All residents of the Macao Special Administrative Region (Macao SAR) shall have equal opportunities for employment based upon nondiscrimination conditions. 2. No employee or applicant for employment shall be unduly privileged, or discriminated against or deprived of any right or exempted from any duty on ground of, inter alia, national or social origin, descent, race, colour, gender, sexual orientation, age, marital status, language, religion, political or ideological beliefs, membership of associations, education or economic background
- ^ Labour Relations Law Article 85 Contraventions 1. The employer shall be punished with a fine of $ 20 000.00 (twentythousand patacas) to $ 50 000.00 (fifty thousand patacas) for each employee involved for the following infringements: 1) Treat an employee or a job applicant in an unjustified discriminatory manner in violation of paragraph 2 of Article 6;
- ^ a b 《家庭暴力防治法》法律草案公眾諮詢總結報告 (PDF) (Report). 澳門特別行政區政府社會工作局. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
- ^ Civil Society Report on Depriving Persons in Same-sex Relationship of Equal Protection in Domestic Violence Legislation of Macau, China (Report). 1 October 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
- ^ a b Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of Macao, China (Report). UN Committee Against Torture (CAT). 3 January 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ "ASSOCIATION SAYS SAME-SEX COUPLES EXCLUDED FROM DOMESTIC VIOLENCE BILL". Macau Daily Times. 9 May 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
- ^ "Rainbow of Macau's Response to Enactment of Discriminatory Domestic Violence Law". Rainbow of Macau. 9 May 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
- ^ a b "GROUP SUPPORTS TRANSGENDER PEOPLE REQUESTING ID GENDER CHANGE". Macau Daily Times. 22 February 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
- ^ "法律改革諮詢委員會第十八次全體會議" (Press release). 法律改革及國際法事務局（DSRJDI）. 1 July 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ List of issues in relation to the second periodic report of Macao, China (Report). Human Rights Committee. 6 August 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
- ^ "大哥哥原來是「基魔」 九歲男童遭學長三度性侵". 力報. 9 June 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
- ^ a b c Jason Chao (10 June 2015). "【愛瞞博客】有「基魔」？「直魔」係咪更多？". Retrieved 6 September 2020.
- ^ CATARINA VILA NOVA (23 August 2018). "CLINICAL EXAMS FOR HOMOSEXUAL STUDENTS". Macau Closer. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
- ^ Nelson Moura (28 August 2018). "Education bureau should "learn" from controversy to destigmatise sexual minorities in local schools – Gay rights activist". Macau Business. Retrieved 6 September 2020.