In Czech politics, Klausism refers to the political positions of Václav Klaus, former prime minister and president of the Czech Republic. It was first used by Mirek Topolánek, who designated Klausism as the ideology of the Civic Democratic Party (ODS).[1][2][3] This term was also used by former Prague mayor Jan Kasl.[4] Klaus himself does not take issue with the term.[5] The current usage of the term "Klausism" has become distanced from Klaus himself, leading to the phrase "Klausism without Klaus".[5][6] The term "Klausism" is also frequently used as a label for the neologisms invented by Klaus. Klaus himself used the term "Mental Scheme of ODS", which he allegedly invented by chance.[2][3] This term was also used by Jan Kasl.[4][7]
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Political positions
editKlaus is known for his Euroscepticism, climate change denial, homophobia, and anti-immigration, and support of free-market capitalism.[8][9] Klaus's stances are often described as liberal conservative combined with national liberalism and Czech nationalism. Jan Pauer described Klaus's political ideology as a combination of the monetarism of Milton Friedman, Thatcherite-type of neoliberalism ("economic libertarianism"), Czech national conservatism, and leadership pragmatism. Klaus described himself as liberal, conservative, and pragmatic.[10]
Bohumil Doležal believes that Klausism is about "fighting against isms", including environmentalism, pro-Europeanism, NGOism, or "homosexualism" (a phrase itself coined by Klaus). It is opposition to perceived trends in Western politics. According to Doležal, Klausism is a fight for "realistic policies that solve problems and do not serve dogmatic ideologies". Doležal stated that Klausism itself became one of these Isms.[11] In 2011, Ekonom Magazine likened Klausism to Gaullism, asserting that the two were very similar. Both ideologies support the strong position of the president, but in the case of Klaus it is informal and balancing at the edge of the Czech constitution.[12]
Klausism without Klaus
editKlausism without Klaus was a term coined by Mirek Topolánek following conflicts between Václav Klaus and ODS. Bohumil Doležal likened it to "Socialism with a human face".[11] It is often characterised as support for Klaus's ideas but not Klaus himself.[13] Topolánek wanted to retain the positive elements of Klaus' legacy and leave out the negatives. Klausism without Klaus was represented by Petr Nečas, Miroslava Němcová, and Tomáš Chalupa. Klausism without Klaus supports economic liberalism, political responsibility, a small state, opposition to other ideologies, and the "rule of common sense".[14]
Poděbrady Articles
editThe term "Mental scheme of ODS" was formulated into the Poděbrady Articles in 1998,[15] proclaiming the four principles that ODS supports, including protection of privacy, a small state, a future without debts, and solidarity of responsibilities.[16]
Parties linked with Klausism
edit- Civic Democratic Party (ODS) – Klaus is the founder of ODS. Former leader of ODS Mirek Topolánek is the first person to use the term.[17]
- Tricolour Citizens' Movement (Tricolour; Czech: Trikolóra) – Klaus' son (who was expelled from ODS in 2018) was the founder of the Tricolour and Klaus was the movement's chief foreign policy adviser.[18][19]
- Czech Sovereignty (ČS) – the party is supportive of Klaus's views.[20]
- Head Up – Electoral Bloc – personal party of Jana Bobošíková (the leader of ČS)
- Freeholder Party of the Czech Republic (SsČR) – the party is close to Klaus's views.[21]
- Independence Party of the Czech Republic (SNČR) – party founded by the hard Eurosceptic Klausist wing of the Party of Free Citizens.[22]
- Party of Free Citizens (Svobodní) – the party is supportive of many Klaus's views.[23]
- Civic Conservative Party (OKS) – the party was described by sociologist Pavel Šplíchal as a dead-end branch of Klausism.[24]
- Realists – the party received support from Vaclav Klaus in 2016.[25][26]
- Party of Common Sense (Rozumní) – the party is supportive of Klaus's views and ran with Czech Sovereignty in 2010.[27]
- Libertas – their party leader called Klaus their idol.[28]
- Independent Democrats (NEZ/DEM) – the party shared their leader Vladimír Železný with Libertas.
- National Democracy (ND) – their leader is said to be close to Klaus.[29]
- Civic Democratic Alliance (ODA) – the party described themselves to be close to Klaus' position with the exception of the European Union and the euro.[30]
- Independents (NEZ) – both Železný and Bobošíková were involved in the party during the 2004 European Parliament election in the Czech Republic.[31]
Neologisms
editThe term Klausism is also used for neologisms coined by Václav Klaus. Klaus is noted for his use of language and often invents new words to describe things he opposes. For example, Klaus invented the word "Havlism", which subsequently entered wider use. Klaus also expressed opposition to "homosexualism". Other widely used Klausisms are Opposition Agreement or Sarajevo assassination.[32]
Criticism
editKlausism has many critics. Jiří Pehe called Klausism deviant and its own worst enemy, noting Klausism's opposition to modern isms, a category to which Pehe believes it belongs.[2] Pehe believes that Klausism is not what Klaus says but what he did when he was in power. He considers Klaus to be very politically flexible and ignorant of other opinions.[33] Pehe suggested that Klausism would be doom for ODS.[34] The Czech Green Party leader Ondřej Liška described Klausism as dangerous for democracy. He called Klausism an "ideology of arbitrariness that threatens democracy", comparing it to Communism due to its lack of principles.[35][36]
References
edit- ^ Schoulová, Petra (16 December 2002). "MIrek Topolánek: Nezměníme ideologii, máme klausismus". Hospodářské noviny (in Czech). Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
- ^ a b c Pehe, Jiří (6 August 2011). "Homosexualismus a klausismus". Aktuálně.cz (in Czech). Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
- ^ a b "ODS does not need new ideology, it has its Klausism – Topolanek". Access Library. Europe Intelligence Wire. Archived from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ a b "Česká redakce". bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 19 December 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
- ^ a b "Vyprázdněná politika je příležitost pro "havlismus", říká Václav Klaus". iDNES.cz. 16 November 2009. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
- ^ "Fischer in HN: Klaus's intellectual legacy to affect society". archive.is. 29 May 2012. Archived from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Klaus, Václav. "Komu překáží myšlenkové schéma ODS?". klaus.cz (in Czech). Archived from the original on 4 April 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
- ^ "Radio Prague – A decade with President Václav Klaus". Radio.cz. Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
- ^ "Karel Hvížďala » Nebojme se Klause, ale klausismu". Aktuálně.cz (in Czech). Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
- ^ Nagle, John D.; Mahr, Alison (1999). Democracy and democratization : post-communist Europe in comparative perspective. London: Sage. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-7619-5679-2. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017.
- ^ a b Doležal, Bohumil (17 August 2011). "Čas falešných proroků". Lidovky.cz. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
- ^ Břešťan, Robert (28 April 2011). "Klausismus podle vzoru gaullismus". ekonom.ihned.cz (in Czech). Archived from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
- ^ Doležal, Bohumil. "Návrat Václava Klause se odkládá – Přítomnost.cz". www.pritomnost.cz (in Czech). Archived from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
- ^ "Děti roztomilého dinosaura". ceskatelevize.cz (in Czech). Česká televize. Archived from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
- ^ "Pětadvacet let ODS a této země". Tyden.cz. 24 April 2016. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
- ^ "Čtyři poděbradské artikuly" (PDF). ODS.cz. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
- ^ Kopecký, Josef (16 December 2002). "Nezměníme ideologii, máme klausismus". Hospodářské noviny (in Czech). Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
- ^ "Přirovnání bylo asi přepjaté, uznal Klaus. Zvažuje založení nové strany". iDNES.cz (in Czech). 18 March 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
- ^ "Přišel čas vzít si naši zemi zpátky, řekl Klaus. Představil hnutí Trikolóra". iDnes. 10 June 2019.
- ^ "Klaus se vrátí, tvrdí Bobošíková. Strana se má jmenovat SUPR". Novinky.cz (in Czech). Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
- ^ Bartoníček, Radek (5 May 2016). "Klaus a Valenta si notovali. Fandím lidem jako on, řekl exprezident". ihned.cz (in Czech). Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
- ^ "Česká republika vystoupila z EU. Vláda ČR odeslala Evropské radě dopis. Bývalý Svobodný odešel ze strany a..." Krajské listy.cz.
- ^ Bek, Lukáš (8 January 2009). "Novou stranu zakládají Klausovi nejbližší spolupracovníci". Novinky.cz (in Czech). Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
- ^ "O.K., všichni jste středoleví!". A2larm (in Czech). Archived from the original on 13 February 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
- ^ "Události Komentáře". Česká televize. 24 November 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
- ^ "Voliči nejsou nemyslící stádo, které se dá koupit, říká Robejšek". idnes.cz. 28 November 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
- ^ "Klaus – nadávají na něj, ale nakonec se ukáže, že měl pravdu". hannig.blog.idnes.cz (in Czech). 3 November 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
- ^ "Železný: O jedničce na kandidátce Libertas.cz rozhodnou Češi, ne Irové". idnes.cz (in Czech). 24 January 2009. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
- ^ "Was kritisieren die Kritiker?". Goethe-Institut (in German). May 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
- ^ "Vzkříšená ODA se mohla jmenovat Nová energie. Vede ji miliardář, chce euro a aby ženy víc rodily". zpravy.aktualne.cz (in Czech). 25 January 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
- ^ Tom Hashimoto; Michael Rhimes (2017). Reviewing European Union Accession: Unexpected Results, Spillover Effects, and Externalities. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 105. ISBN 9789004352070.
- ^ "Nový klausismus – spokojování. Podle expertky je prezident kreativní". Lidovky.cz. 19 November 2012. Archived from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
- ^ "Neviditelný pes". archiv.neviditelnypes.lidovky.cz. Archived from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
- ^ "Jiří Pehe: Smutné výročí Občanské demokratické strany". Rozhlas.cz (in Czech). Archived from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
- ^ "Liška (SZ): Klausismus jako ohrožení demokracie". parlamentnilisty.cz. Archived from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
- ^ "Liška varuje před nebezpečím klausismu". EuroZprávy.cz. Archived from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017.