The Order of Kim Khánh (Vietnamese: Kim khánh, chữ Hán: 金磬) was an Order of Merit of the Empire of Vietnam. The order was abolished when Vietnam became a republic.
The emperor awarded this decoration to his mandarins or high officials. It is suited for their silken gowns. It consists of a golden plaque in the shape of a traditional Vietnamese gong with Chinese characters and symbols like dragons, dragon's paws with a pearl, fo-dogs, turtles and phoenixes. Attached to the plaque are a traditional depiction of a bat in orange and white pearls, beads of red and white coral, fresh water pearls and gold. The Chinese characters mean "A visible sign of thanks and good will". On the back the words "awarded by the Emperor Khải Định" are written.
In 1875 a Special Class of the order was given to the French President.[1]
In a more simple version the Khim Khanh was awarded to French colonial administrators and princes in Asia like the Susuhunan of Surakarta Pakubuwono X.
The jewel is 85 millimeter wide and 153 millimeter high. It was awarded in a rectangular silver or gold box with a decor of dragons and a red silk lining.
History
editThe initial Kim Khánh were issued either during the reign of the Gia Long Emperor or Minh Mạng Emperor and it is not known when the decoration was first issued or what classes they initially had.[2] An example of one of these early Kim Khánh dating to the reign of Thiệu Trị had a design of two embossed dragons facing the sun, enhanced with fine pearls, with two chữ Hán reading Ân tứ (恩賜, "[Emperor's] Merciful Gift") composed of pearls.[2] This early Kim Khánh was intended for a member of the imperial family or for one of the four eminent dignitaries advisers to the Emperor, the "Pillars of the Empire".[2]
The Kim Khánh was rarely granted to people and it was intended to reward the achievements of general and superior officers as well as the distinguished service of civilian mandarins.[2] Only high rank civil mandarins and military mandarins had the right to wear the Kim Khánh in public, other recipients had to keep them at home.[2] These people would receive either the sapèque d'argent or the sapèque d'or to wear in public (these decorations were introduced by decree by the Đồng Khánh Emperor in the year 1885).[2]
The Emperor awarded a Đại hạng Kim Khánh to high-rank mandarins having reached an advanced age (60 or 70 years) that have earned it, bearing a reverse inscription celebrating his wisdom, his great age, or his merits.[2]
Classes and variants
editBy decree of the Đồng Khánh Emperor in 1885 the gong-shaped plate of the Kim Khánh was either made of gold (Kim Khánh), imitation gold (Tử Kim Khánh), or in silver (Ngân Khánh).[2] Its design features two dragons in relief facing the sun (or a flaming pearl).[2]
Until 1885 the Kim Khánh only had 2 classes:[2]
| Class | Image |
|---|---|
| Đại hạng Kim Khánh | |
| Kim Khánh |
In 1885 the Đồng Khánh Emperor divided the Kim Khánh into 3 classes, creating a total of 4 classes:[2]
| Class | Description | Image |
|---|---|---|
| Đại hạng Kim Khánh | The obverse inscription reads Đồng Khánh sắc tứ (同慶敕賜, "Awarded by the Đồng Khánh Emperor") et au revers Báo nghĩa thù huân (報義酬勳, "Show gratitude and return the benefits") | |
| Trung Kim Khánh | Similar to the above, but lighter in weight. | |
| Thứ Kim Khánh | Has the obverse inscription Sanh thiện thượng công (X善賞功, "To perpetuate kindness and reward merits"). | |
| Tiểu Kim Khánh | With the inscription Lao năng khả tưởng (勞能可槳, "Conducted work and has talent worthy of praise"). |
In the year Thành Thái 12 (1900) the Kim Khánh for Vietnamese mandarins were given the following inscriptions:[2]
| Inscription (chữ Quốc ngữ) |
Inscription (chữ Hán) |
English translation | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
| Báo nghĩa thù huân | 報義酬勳 | Show gratitude and return the benefits | |
| Gia thiện sanh năng | 嘉善(...)能 | Praise kindness and perpetuate talent | |
| Lao năng khả tưởng | 勞能可槳 | Conducted work and has talent worthy of praise |
For both the French and foreigners, the Thành Thái Emperor created 3 classes of Kim Khánh.[2] The obverse side of these all bears the inscription Đại Nam Hoàng Đế sắc tử (大南皇帝敕賜, "Awarded by the Emperor of the Great South") but have different reverse inscriptions.[2]
| Inscription (chữ Quốc ngữ) |
Inscription (chữ Hán) |
English translation | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nhất hạng Kim Khánh | 一項金磬 | First class Kim Khánh. | |
| Nhị hạng Kim Khánh | 二項金磬 | Second class Kim Khánh. | |
| Tam hạng Kim Khánh | 三項金磬 | Third class Kim Khánh. |
Ngọc Khánh
editThe Ngọc Khánh (玉磬, "jade gong") is a higher distinction to the Kim Khánh. The Ngọc Khánh were only reserved for the deserving First Class Mandarins.[2] This decoration was made of jade and had the inscription Trân bửu (珍寶, "Precious treasures") preceded by the name of the Emperor.[2]
South Vietnam
editThere is a later version of the Kim Khánh where the dragons and inscriptions are replaced by a bamboo grove, a brush (representing civil mandarins) and a sword (representing military mandarins).[2] This was the national emblem of the First Republic of Vietnam during the presidency of Ngô Đình Diệm.[2]
References
edit- ^ In 1875 to President Thiers, see the Bulletin des Amis du Vieux Hué, n°4, 1914, p. 392
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Philippe Truong (8 March 2008). "Décoration vietnamienne. - LE KIM KHANH. - 08 mars 2008 à 22:40 - philippe truong - Le kim khánh 金磬 ("gong en or") est un ordre décerné par les souverains d'Annam. On ignore pour le moment sa date de création. Elle remonte probablement au règne de Gia Long (1802-1820) ou Minh Mang (1820-1840)" (in French). Les Carnets de Philippe Truong. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
External links
edit- (in Vietnamese) Kim bài, kim khánh, ngọc khánh thời Nguyễn (Kim bai, kim khanh, ngoc khanh of Nguyen Dynasty)