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Kim Jong-pil (Korean: 김종필; Korean pronunciation: [kimdʑoŋpʰil]; January 7, 1926 – June 23, 2018), also known colloquially as JP, was a South Korean politician and the founder/first director of the Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA, now the National Intelligence Service). He served as Prime Minister twice, from 1971 to 1975 during the presidency of Park Chung Hee (1961–1979) and from 1998 to 2000 during the presidency of Kim Dae-jung (1998–2003). He was a nine-term National Assembly member.
Kim Jong-pil | |
|---|---|
| 김종필 | |
 Kim in 1999 | |
| 11th & 31st Prime Minister of South Korea | |
| In office June 4, 1971 – December 18, 1975 | |
| President | Park Chung Hee |
| Preceded by | Paik Too-chin |
| Succeeded by | Choi Kyu-hah |
| In office March 3, 1998 – January 12, 2000 | |
| President | Kim Dae-jung |
| Preceded by | Goh Kun |
| Succeeded by | Park Tae-joon |
| Personal details | |
| Born | January 7, 1926 Fuyo-gun, Chūseinan-dō, Korea, Empire of Japan (today Buyeo County, South Chungcheong Province, South Korea) |
| Died | June 23, 2018 (aged 92) Seoul, South Korea |
| Political party | Liberty Korea Party |
| Other political affiliations |
|
| Spouse |
Park Young-ok
(m. 1951; died 2015) |
| Children | 2 |
| Alma mater | Korean Military Academy |
| Nickname | JP |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  South Korea |
| Branch/service |  Republic of Korea Army |
| Years of service | 1949–1961 |
| Rank | Brigadier General |
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 김종필 |
| Hanja | |
| Revised Romanization | Gim Jong-pil |
| McCune–Reischauer | Kim Chongp'il |
| Art name | |
| Hangul | 운정 |
| Hanja | |
| Revised Romanization | Unjeong |
| McCune–Reischauer | Unjŏng |
Park Chung Hee was his uncle-in-law, as JP married Park's niece, Park Young-ok.
Early life
editKim Jong-pil was born in Buyeo County, South Chungcheong Province. He initially attended Seoul National University's College of Education but graduated from the Korea Military Academy (KMA) in 1949 (8th graduating class). From September 1951 to March 1952, he studied at the U.S. Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia.[1] He participated in the Korean War as an intelligence officer of the Republic of Korea Army. He retired as a brigadier general.
Political career
edit
After the April Revolution, a citizens' and students' uprising against the Syngman Rhee dictatorship and election fraud in 1960, he engineered the May 16 coup, led by Major General Park Chung Hee in 1961 with his fellow Korea Military Academy (8th graduating class) classmates. He served in several high-profile offices, including chairman of the ruling Democratic Republican Party during Park's eighteen year presidency until his assassination in 1979.
Immediately following the successful coup that placed Park in power, Kim Jong-pil established the Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA), becoming its first director.[2] The KCIA wielded unlimited and unchecked power in support of Park's authoritarian rule, arbitrarily arresting, torturing, and persecuting Park's political opponents.[3]
Thereafter, Kim spearheaded the effort to establish official diplomatic relations with Japan.[2] In 1962, he traveled to Tokyo, where he met with Japanese Prime Minister Ikeda Hayato and urged the immediate normalization of relations between the two nations, although Ikeda replied that more preparation was needed.[2] Normalization was eventually achieved in 1965.[2] According to the "Kim-Ohira Memo" exchanged between Japanese Foreign Minister Masayoshi Ohira and Kim Jong-pil at that time, South Korea agreed to waive any further compensation for Korean victims of Japanese war crimes in exchange for $300 million US dollars in grants and $500 million in other economic assistance.[4]
In 1963, Kim founded the Democratic Republican Party which helped President Park Chung Hee strengthen his power and maintain a legislative supermajority during his presidency. From 1971 to 1975, he served as Prime Minister of South Korea. He assumed the same position from 1998 to 2000 during Kim Dae-jung's presidency as part of the Alliance DJP.
In 1987, Kim Jong-pil staged a political comeback by creating a new political party known as the New Democratic Republican Party (NDRP). Most of the key party members and backers were conservatives who had served with him under the Park Chung Hee administration. Key members included Choi Gak-kyu, Kim Dong Kun (김동근 (1930)), Koo Ja-choon, Lee Hee-il, Kim Yong-tae, Cho Yong-jik, Kim Yong-hwan, Kim Moon-won, etc. As chairman of the NDRP, he ran for president and lost to Roh Tae-woo of the ruling Democratic Justice Party (DJP). In the 13th National Assembly legislative elections held in April 1988, the NDRP won 35 seats out of the 299-seat National Assembly.
In January 1990, Kim Jong-pil led the merger of his party with the ruling DJP and opposition party, Kim Young-sam’s Reunification Democratic Party (RDP) to create the Democratic Liberal Party (DLP). Jong-pil became the Executive Chairman of the newly formed DLP and Kim Young-sam became the party's presidential nominee in the 1992 South Korea presidential elections, which he won.
The outline of Kim Jong-pil's positions hardly describes the skills of the politician in navigating the complexities of South Korean politics. Scholars note that he mastered the art of political coalitions. This is demonstrated in the way he was able to reemerge politically stronger after suffering various political setbacks. For instance, by October 1997, Kim Jong-pil's popularity had fluctuated, hovering between 2.9 percent and 4.6 percent, which was attributed to his reputation as being an integral member of the authoritarian rule of Park Chung-hee. part.[5] This was further aggravated by the conservative party's image problem, which was identified with old politicians who have ethical flaws. Also, it is important to note that his main regional power base, the Chungcheon province, lacks the intense and unwavering loyalty to its political 'leaders' that is often found among those from neighbouring regions such as Chollado or Gyeongsangdo provinces.
Through clever political maneuvering, however, Kim Jong-pil struck a power-sharing deal with Kim Dae-jung's National Congress for New Politics, known as the DJP Alliance, which allowed him to choose half of the cabinet members of the Kim Dae-Jung administration.[6] The deal also included his appointment as prime minister in March 1998 during Kim Dae-jung's presidency (1998-2003) for the second time.
In 2004, he announced his retirement from politics after his bid for a tenth term in the National Assembly failed and his party, the United Liberal Democrats, was unable to gain a sizable number of seats in the 2004 parliamentary election. The party later merged into the Grand National Party.
Kim Jong Pil was the last of the "Three Kims," which refers to himself, Kim Young-sam, and Kim Dae-jung, who dominated South Korea's politics for decades. Fate saw the presidency barely elude him on several occasions, earning him the title "the perennial no. 2 man." It is important to note Chungcheon province, JP's main regional power base, lacks the intense and unwavering loyalty to its political leaders that is often found among those from neighboring regions, such as Jeolla and Gyeongsang provinces.
Scouting
editHe served as Korea Scout Association President until June 6, 1969. In 1967 he received the highest distinction of the Scout Association of Japan, the Golden Pheasant Award.[7]
Ancestry
editHe is the 12th generation descendant of Kim Ye-jik,[a] a military officer who served at Injo Coup in 1623 during the early Joseon period, and a younger brother of Royal Noble Consort Gongbin. Both are children of Kim Hui-Cheol,[b] known as Internal Prince Haeryeong,[c] the Musin who was killed during the Imjin War in 1592. Hui-Cheol is great-grandson of Kim Young-jeong,[d] both of them were civil ministers also during early Joseon period. Kim Young-Jeong is the 7th generation descendant of Kim Mok-kyung,[e] the ancestor of the Gyeong branch of Gimhae Kim clan and the Samjungdaegwang during the reign of King Chunghye of Goryeo. Their lineage can be traced back to Kim Sam-kwang[f] who was the son of Kim Yu-sin. This makes him a descendant of the royal family of Geumgwan Gaya.
This fact is also revealed in the 2001 sentimental letter written to Bhimlendra Mohan Pratap Mishra, a king of erstwhile Ayodhya state with a history of 200 years old, Kim talked about his March 2001 visit to India. He mentioned it "remained very meaningful to me" as it "fulfilled his desire to visit Ayodhya, a princess of which became the queen of King Suro of Gaya and Heo Hwang-ok. I am the 72nd generation descendant of the King Kim Suro of the Garak Kingdom."[8]
Kim was amongst more than a hundred historians and government representatives, including the North Korean ambassador to India, and an 18-member delegation from South Korea – led by former Gimhae Mayor Song Eun-bok[9] – composed of prominent industrialists who inaugurated a memorial to their royal ancestor, Queen Hwang Huh on the west bank of the River Sarayu. The monument was built using a three-metre high stone weighing 7,500 kg, specially shipped from South Korea.[10]
Private life
editOn February 15, 1951, Kim married Park Young-ok (October 30, 1929 – February 21, 2015), who was President Park Chung Hee's niece. This made Park his uncle by marriage.[11]
Kim died on June 23, 2018, at Sindang-dong, Seoul at the age of 92. His state funeral was held on June 24, 2018, and he was buried alongside his wife.[12]
Quotes
editHis words:
Politics are Heo-up (허업: futile works). The business men are Silup-ga(실업가), who takes his work fruits. But, Politician is Heop ga(허업가), whose fruit must be given to people. Fruits of politics were given to citizens. If it's taken by politicians, Politician's destiny is in jail.
Human being's death is truth. But, Everybody does not prepare their death even though they prepare for winter. (for preparing his tombstone monument inscription after his wife's death in 2015. Contents Soee budap (Just smile, No response) poem in his hometown of Buyeo, The Baekje kingdom capital.
Jawuiban Tawuiban (자의반 타의반): half my will Half others will.[13][3][14]
See also
editNotes
editReferences
edit
- ^ Baek, Sung-won (July 2, 2018). "The late Kim Jong-pil's 'Study in America' serialized in Yeongnam Ilbo during the Korean War". Yeongnam Ilbo. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
- ^ a b c d Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-0674984424.
- ^ a b "Former South Korean Prime Minister and spy agency founder Kim Jong-pil dies | the Straits Times". The Straits Times. June 23, 2018.
- ^ "Archives Show Seoul Waived Redress Right". The Japan Times. August 27, 2005.
- ^ Oh, Kongdan (2016). Korea Briefing: 1997–1999: Challenges and Changes at the Turn of the Century. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781315291918.
- ^ Kim, Youngmi (2011). The Politics of Coalition in Korea: Between Institutions and Culture. London: Routledge. p. 53. ISBN 9780415562157.
- ^ 䝪䞊䜲䝇䜹䜴䝖日本連盟 きじ章受章者 [Recipient of the Golden Pheasant Award of the Scout Association of Japan] (PDF). Reinanzaka Scout Club (in Japanese). May 23, 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 11, 2020.
- ^ "South Korea's Ayodhya connection" "South Korea seeks ties with Ayodhya-72nd generation descendant of the King Kim Suro of the". Archived from the original on August 31, 2009. Retrieved March 11, 2009.
- ^ "A Princess from Ayodhya" "A Princess from Ayodhya-India??s early contacts with Korea date back more than 2000 years". Archived from the original on June 25, 2009. Retrieved March 11, 2009.
- ^ "South Korea's Ayodhya connection" "South Korea seeks ties with Ayodhya-72nd generation descendant of the King Kim Suro of the". Archived from the original on August 31, 2009. Retrieved March 11, 2009.
- ^ "Wife of former PM Kim Jong-pil dies". February 22, 2015.
- ^ "Political heavyweights pay respects to late former PM". June 24, 2018.
- ^ Former Prime Minister Kim Jong-pil dies
- ^ "Former South Korean Prime Minister Kim Jong-pil dies".