The Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque (Arabic: مَسْجِد خَالِد ٱبْن ٱلْوَلِيد, romanized: Masjid Khālid ibn al-Walīd) is a mosque in Homs, Syria, located in a park along Hama Street in ash-Shuhada Square. The mosque is dedicated to Khalid ibn al-Walid, an Arab military commander who led the Muslim conquest of Syria in the 7th century following the decisive Battle of Yarmouk, which put an end to Byzantine rule in Syria. His dome-topped mausoleum is located in a corner of the prayer hall and has served as a pilgrimage center. Two tall minarets with narrow galleries constructed of alternating horizontal rows of white and black stone are situated at the building's northwestern and northeastern comers and reflect the traditional Islamic architecture style of the Levant.
| Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque مَسْجِد خَالِد ٱبْن ٱلْوَلِيد | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Sunni Islam |
| Year consecrated | 1908-1913 |
| Status | Active |
| Location | |
| Location | Khaldiyah, Homs, Syria |
  Shown within Syria | |
| Geographic coordinates | 34°44′12″N 36°42′56″E / 34.73678°N 36.71559°E |
| Architecture | |
| Architect(s) | Abdallah Ulsun |
| Type | Mosque |
| Style | Ottoman architecture |
| Completed | 20th century |
| Specifications | |
| Dome(s) | 10 |
| Minaret(s) | 2 |
| Materials | Stone masonry |
Location
edit
The mosque is located in the Khaldiya district of Homs,[1] the third largest city in Syria. It is situated in a park alongside Hama Street about 500 metres (1,600 ft) north of Shoukri al-Quwatli Street, 400 metres (1,300 ft) southwest of the National Hospital, and 300 metres (980 ft) from the souk at ash-Shouhada Square.[2][3][4]
- Grounds
Mamluk ablaq-style stonework is used in the courtyard. The old cemetery, which at one time surrounded the mosque, was moved and in its place a large garden has been created.
History
editA small mosque was supposedly built adjacent to the mausoleum of Khalid ibn al-Walid in the 7th century.[5] The current interior shrine that contains Khalid's tomb dates to the 11th century,[6] and is considered to be a "significant pilgrimage center."[7]
Several sources state that the Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque was originally built around Khalid's mausoleum during the reign of Mamluk sultan al-Zahir Baybars in 1265.[8][9][10] The building was later restored during the reign of Mamluk sultan al-Ashraf Khalil in 1291.[8] According to local tradition, when Tamerlane invaded Syria in the early 15th century, he spared Homs from destruction because it contained the mosque and the mausoleum of Khalid ibn al-Walid, whom he held in great regard in light of Ibn al-Walid's role as a companion of Islamic prophet Muhammad and a commander of the Muslim Arab army that conquered the city of Damascus and Byzantine Syria.[8]
Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, during Ottoman rule, the Dandan family, the most prominent clan of the Arab Bani Khalid tribe, held a stake in the extended revenue shares of the mausoleum and the mosque. The Bani Khalid claimed descent from Ibn al-Walid and the accompanying tribes that participated in the conquest of Syria under his command. However, their claim of ancestry had been previously refuted by the Mamluk-era historian al-Qalqashandi.[11]
The present-day mosque was built in the early 20th century,[8][12] although some sources claim it dates to the late 19th century.[13][14] Nazim Hussein Pasha, the Ottoman governor of Syria between 1895 and 1909, during the reign of Sultan Abd al-Hamid II,[8][14] ordered the demolition of the Mamluk-era mosque for renovation.[8] The renovation was completed in 1912,[8][9] after Hussein Pasha's term as governor ended. Thus, the current Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque is of relatively recent construction and is noted for its Ottoman architectural style.[8][9][12][14] According to historian David Nicolle, the mosque's construction by the Ottoman government was an attempt to maintain the allegiance of the increasingly restive Arab inhabitants of Syria. In later years Khalid was adopted as a hero and symbol of Arab nationalism.[13]
Modern era
editAs of 2007, activities in the mosque were organized by shaykhs Haytham al-Sa'id and Ahmad Mithqan.[15] Stamps depicting the mosque have been issued in several denominations.
The Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque has been a symbol of anti-government rebels during the Syrian civil war.[1] According to The New York Times, Syrian security forces killed 10 protesters participating in a funeral procession as they were leaving the mosque on 18 July 2011.[16] The mosque, which the Syrian government stated had been turned by the rebels into an "arms and ammunition depot", was abandoned by the rebels on 27 July 2013.[17] Shelling by government forces damaged Khalid's tomb inside the mosque. Following its capture by the Syrian Army, state media showed heavy damage inside the mosque, including some parts of it being burned, and the door to the tomb destroyed. It was reopened by Chechen leader Ramzan Kadyrov who repaired the mosque.[18]
Architecture
editThe mosque is Ottoman in style: it contains a large courtyard, and the "walls are decorated in alternating bands of black and white stone", i.e., Ablaq.[3][12] It is distinguished by its two tall, white stone minarets, which have narrow galleries constructed of white and black stone, laid in alternate horizontal rows.[19] Situated at the building's northwestern and northeastern comers,[20] they reflect a traditional Islamic architecture style of the Levant. The minarets and the window frames are made of white limestone. The building's metal central dome is silver in color[21] and reflects sunlight.[2][8] It is supported by four massive columns, built in Mamluk ablaq style. In addition to the large central dome, there are nine smaller domes.
A large prayer hall forms much of the interior. The walls are made of basalt stone, a building material which is widely available in Homs. The mausoleum of Khalid ibn al-Walid is in one corner.[3][12][22] Khalid's tomb contains an ornate dome and interiors that depict over 50 victorious battles that he commanded.[14][23][24] His son is buried next to him. A wooden sarcophagus carved with Kufic inscriptions and quoting the Quran[25] was placed over the grave of Khalid. During renovation, the sarcophagus was moved to the National Museum in Damascus.[8]
A corner of the mosque also includes a small sarcophagus covered in green cloth, believed to be a tomb of Ubayd Allah ibn Umar.[26]
References
edit- ^ a b Aji, Albert; Mroue, Bassem (2013-07-27). "Khalid Ibn Al-Walid Mosque In Homs' Khaldiyeh District". Huffington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
- ^ a b Skinner, 2004, p. 153.
- ^ a b c "Lonely Planet review for Khaled ibn al-Walid Mosque". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
- ^ Beattie, 2001, p.53.
- ^ "Mosquée de Khalid Ibn al-Walid et ses environs". Aly Abbara. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
- ^ Hillenbrand, 2000, p. xxvi
- ^ Aldosari, 2007, p. 269.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Homs". Homsonline. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
- ^ a b c Aldosari, 2007, p. 264
- ^ "The realm of Zenobia". Al-Ahram Weekly. 2002. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
- ^ Douwes, 2000, p. 36.
- ^ a b c d Mannheim, 2001, p. 205.
- ^ a b Mikaberidze, 2011, p.473.
- ^ a b c d "Homs, Hums, Emesa". ArchNet Digital Library. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
- ^ Rougier, 2007, p. 258
- ^ "At Funerals for Protesters, More Syrians Are Fatally Shot". New York Times. 18 July 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
- ^ "Syrie : l'armée en voie de contrôler totalement Homs". Le Figaro. 2013-07-30. Retrieved 2013-07-30.
- ^ "- YouTube". Archived from the original on 2021-12-15.
- ^ "Homs, Syria". Atlas Tours. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
- ^ Akram, 2006, p. 480
- ^ Ham, 2009, p. 484
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 501
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 494
- ^ Jess, 2010, p.121.
- ^ Hillenbrand, Car (23 August 2000). The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives. Psychology Press. pp. 26–. ISBN 978-0-415-92914-1. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
- ^ "Maqam Ubayd Allah ibn Umar". Madain Project. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
Bibliography
edit
- Akram, Agha Ibrahim (2004). The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed – His Life and Campaigns. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-597714-9.
- Akram, A. I. (2006). The sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, his life and campaigns. Mr. Books.
- Aldosari, Ali (2007). Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-0-7614-7571-2.
- Beattie, Andrew; Pepper, Timothy (2001). The Rough Guide to Syria. Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-85828-718-8.
- Darke, Diana (1 October 2006). Syria: The Bradt Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 978-1-84162-162-3.
- Douwes, Dick (2000). The Ottomans in Syria: a history of justice and oppression. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1860640311.
- Ham, Anthony (2 May 2009). Middle East. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74104-692-2. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
- Hillenbrand, Car (23 August 2000). The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-92914-1.
- Less, Jess (23 April 2010). Syria Handbook. Footprint Travel Guides. ISBN 978-1-907263-03-3. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
- Mannheim, Ivan (2001). Syria & Lebanon Handbook: The Travel Guide. Footprint Travel Guides. ISBN 978-1-900949-90-3.
- Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Volume 1 of Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781598843361.
- Rougier, Bernard (2007). Everyday Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam Among Palestinians in Lebanon. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02529-5.
- Skinner, Patricia (2004). Countries of the World. Gareth Stevens. ISBN 9780836831184.