Karlodinium armiger is a species of dinoflagellates belonging to the family Kareniaceae.[1] It was first isolated from the Mediterranean sea & described in 2006.[2][3]
| Karlodinium armiger | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Clade: | Diaphoretickes |
| Clade: | SAR |
| Clade: | Alveolata |
| Phylum: | Myzozoa |
| Superclass: | Dinoflagellata |
| Class: | Dinophyceae |
| Order: | Gymnodiniales |
| Family: | Kareniaceae |
| Genus: | Karlodinium |
| Species: | K. armiger
|
| Binomial name | |
| Karlodinium armiger Bergholtz, Daugbjerg & Moestrup
| |
It is a producer of karmitoxin, a toxin structurally related to amphidinols and karlotoxins; however karmitoxin also contains the longest carbon−carbon backbone known for this compound class, and an unusual primary amino group.[4]
It has a spherical shape with a diameter of about 15 μm.[5] Under optimal conditions with supplemented NH4+, it has a division rate of ~0.3 times per day.[4]
References
edit- ^ "Karlodinium armiger Bergholtz, Daugbjerg & Moestrup 2006 :: Algaebase". www.algaebase.org. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
- ^ Bergholtz, Trine; Daugbjerg, Niels; Moestrup, Ojvind; Fernandez-Tejedor, Margarita (2006). "On the Identity of Karlodinium Veneficum and Description of Karlodinium armiger sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), Based on Light and Electron Microscopy, Nuclear-Encoded Lsu Rdna, and Pigment Composition1". Journal of Phycology. 42 (1). Wiley: 170–193. Bibcode:2006JPcgy..42..170B. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00172.x. ISSN 0022-3646. S2CID 53620395.
- ^ Garcés, Esther; Fernandez, Margarita; Penna, Antonella; Van Lenning, Kees; Gutierrez, Andrés; Camp, Jordi; Zapata, Manuel (2006). "Characterization of Nw Mediterranean Karlodinium SPP. (Dinophyceae) Strains Using Morphological, Molecular, Chemical, and Physiological Methodologies". Journal of Phycology. 42 (5). Wiley: 1096–1112. Bibcode:2006JPcgy..42.1096G. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00270.x. hdl:11576/1884792. ISSN 0022-3646. S2CID 84085728.
- ^ a b Rasmussen, Silas Anselm; Binzer, Sofie Bjørnholt; Hoeck, Casper; Meier, Sebastian; de Medeiros, Livia Soman; Andersen, Nikolaj Gedsted; Place, Allen; Nielsen, Kristian Fog; Hansen, Per Juel; Larsen, Thomas Ostenfeld (2017-04-05). "Karmitoxin: An Amine-Containing Polyhydroxy-Polyene Toxin from the Marine Dinoflagellate Karlodinium armiger". Journal of Natural Products. 80 (5). American Chemical Society (ACS): 1287–1293. doi:10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00860. ISSN 0163-3864. PMC 6446557. PMID 28379705.
- ^ Xu, Jiayi; Kiørboe, Thomas (2018-08-15). "Toxic dinoflagellates produce true grazer deterrents" (PDF). Ecology. 99 (10). Wiley: 2240–2249. Bibcode:2018Ecol...99.2240X. doi:10.1002/ecy.2479. ISSN 0012-9658. PMID 30110126. S2CID 52003865.