Karjalainen ("Karelian") is a Finnish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
- Ahti Karjalainen (1907–1986), Finnish composer
- Ahti Karjalainen (1923–1990), Finnish politician and former prime minister
- Anniina Karjalainen, Finnish singer
- Elina Karjalainen (1927–2006), Finnish journalist and author
- Hanna Karjalainen (b. 1980), Finnish actress
- Henri Karjalainen (b. 1986), Finnish racing driver
- Jari Karjalainen (b. 1967), Finnish singer
- Jouko Karjalainen (b. 1956), Finnish skier
- J. (Jukka) Karjalainen (b. 1957), Finnish singer
- Kastehelmi Karjalainen (1911–1973), Finnish artist
- Kimmo Karjalainen, Finnish musician
- Kristina Karjalainen, Estonian-Finnish model and Miss Estonia 2013
- Kustaa Fredrik Karjalainen (1871–1919), Finnish linguist and explorer
- Kyösti Karjalainen, a Swedish ice hockey player (of Finnish descent) for Los Angeles Kings
- Lasse Karjalainen (b. 1974), Finnish footballer
- Markku Karjalainen (b. 1966), Finnish wheelchair curler
- Olli-Pekka Karjalainen (b. 1980), Finnish hammer thrower
- Pekka Karjalainen, Finnish film director and sound producer
- Petra Karjalainen (b. 1969), Finnish actress
- Sampo Karjalainen (b. 1977), one of the founders of Habbo Hotel
- Sari Karjalainen (b. 1968), Finnish wheelchair curler and Paralympian
- Tapio Karjalainen (b. 1939), Finnish politician
- Toni Karjalainen (b. 1979), Finnish golfer