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The following events occurred in June 1923:

June 27, 1923: Airplane refueled in mid-air for the first time
June 20, 1923: U.S. President Harding leaves White House to go on tour, never returns
June 9, 1923: Bulgaria's Prime Minister Stamboliyski overthrown

June 1, 1923 (Friday)

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June 2, 1923 (Saturday)

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June 3, 1923 (Sunday)

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  • Voters in Switzerland overwhelmingly rejected restrictions on the production of alcohol, turning down a proposal that would have given the Swiss government an exclusive monopoly on brewing and distilling.[7]
  • A commission in New York City released the findings of its investigation into charges that some American history textbooks included anti-American propaganda. The report found eight such textbooks that were seen as pro-British. "Any history which, after 150 years, attempts to teach our children that the War of Independence was an unnecessary war and that it is still a problem as to who was right and who was wrong, should be fed to the furnace and those responsible for those books branded as un-American", commissioner David Hirschfeld said.[8]

June 4, 1923 (Monday)

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Frank Hayes
  • Died:
    • Frank Hayes, 35, American jockey, attained posthumous fame while riding the horse Sweet Kiss to victory at the Belmont Park in New York. Hayes crossed the finish line on Sweet Kiss ahead of everyone for his first, and only, victory in horse racing, then died of a heart attack. Doctors attributed Hayes's death to heart disease, aggravated by his efforts to lose weight in order to reach the required limit for entering the race, and the excitement of the event itself, making Hayes the only person known to have won a horse race after dying.[14][15]
    • Filippo Smaldone, 74, Roman Catholic priest canonized in 2006 as a Catholic saint
    • Juan Soldevilla y Romero, 79, Spanish cleric, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Zaragoza, who had been elevated to the rank of cardinal by the Pope, was assassinated by gunmen who also killed his chauffeur. Cardinal Soldevilla was seated in his car, preparing to visit a monastery, when members of the terrorist group Los Solidarios fired multiple gunshots into the vehicle.[16]

June 5, 1923 (Tuesday)

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  • Germany asked for a new reparations conference.[17] The proposal, as presented by Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno, asked for a new arrangement in which Germany would transfer materials worth 2.5 billion gold marks over the next five years while rebuilding the nation's economy and would then pay 1.5 billion gold marks every year beginning in 1928.[18]
  • In an address in Washington D.C. to open the national convention of the Shriners (at the time still called the "Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine"), U.S. President Warren G. Harding delivered what was seen by reporters as a thinly-veiled criticism of the Ku Klux Klan, which had recently held a large demonstration in nearby Maryland, though not mentioning the Klan by name. "Secret fraternity is one thing," Harding said. "Secret conspiracy is another. In the very naturalness of association, men band together for mischief, to exert misguided zeal, to vent unreasoning malice, to undermine our institutions. This isn't fraternity. This is conspiracy. This isn't associated with uplift; it is organized destruction. This is not brotherhood; it is the discord of disloyalty and a danger to the Republic."[19]
  • The White House released President Harding's "Voyage of Understanding", a 19-stop speaking tour by train that would travel to 10 western states, as well as the Canadian province of British Columbia and (by ship) the U.S. territory of Alaska, starting on June 20 and continuing until August 4, after which the presidential train was scheduled to take him back to Washington.[20]
  • The tiny nation of San Marino established the Order of Saint Agatha for charitable work in the service of the republic.[21]
  • Born: George Montague, British gay rights activist; in Hackney, London (d. 2022)

June 6, 1923 (Wednesday)

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  • The Russian Civil War saw its last major battle as the Soviet Army defeated the remnants of the White Army near Okhotsk.[citation needed]
  • France and Belgium released a joint statement saying that Germany's request would not be considered until passive resistance in the Ruhr ended.[22]
  • Papyrus won the Epsom Derby, the United Kingdom's premier thoroughbred horse race.[23][24] Edgar Wallace became the first British radio sports reporter when he reported on the Derby for the British Broadcasting Company.[citation needed]
  • Women over 25 with a grammar school-level education were granted the right to vote in local elections in Italy.[25]
  • The U.S. Army dirigible TC-1, which had set a dirigible airspeed record of 74 miles per hour (119 km/h) earlier in the year and was the largest American airship, was destroyed at Wilbur Wright Field in Dayton, Ohio during a severe electrical storm. Though not struck by lightning, the hydrogen-filled bag was "highly charged with electricity" when winds blew it into contact with a steel mooring tower. A U.S. Army sergeant and a civilian from the Goodyear Rubber Company were injured after having to jump to the ground from an altitude of 40 feet (12 m) while escaping the fire.[26]
  • Born:

June 7, 1923 (Thursday)

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June 8, 1923 (Friday)

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June 9, 1923 (Saturday)

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June 10, 1923 (Sunday)

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June 11, 1923 (Monday)

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  • The U.S. Supreme Court decided Rindge Co. v. County of Los Angeles, holding that a local government could use its power of eminent domain to take land from a private landowner for the specific purpose of building a scenic highway, despite the fact that a highway could be built elsewhere on land within the government's jurisdiction. Writing the opinion on behalf of a unanimous (8 to 0) court, Justice Edward T. Sanford wrote, "Public uses are not limited, in the modern view, to matters of mere business necessity and ordinary convenience, but may extend to matters of public health, recreation and enjoyment. Thus, the condemnation of lands for public parks is now universally recognized as a taking for public use. A road need not be for a purpose of business to create a public exigency; air, exercise and recreation are important to the general health and welfare; pleasure travel may be accommodated as well as business travel; and highways may be condemned to places of pleasing natural scenery."[39]
  • Born:
    • Dr. Eric J. Trimmer, English general practitioner and medical writer known for The Natural History of Quackery and for a subsequent series of books for the general public about health and medical science; in London (d. 1998)
    • Özdemir Asaf, Turkish poet (d. 1981)

June 12, 1923 (Tuesday)

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June 13, 1923 (Wednesday)

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President Li
  • Chinese President Li Yuanhong was captured at the railway station in Tientsin when troops surrounded the train in which he was fleeing from Beijing. Orders to stop the train came directly from the Governor of Zhili province, Wang Chengbin.[45] Li won his freedom the next day by sending a message to Beijing, by telegram, resigning his office and turning over authority to the cabinet.[46]
  • The value of the German mark fell further to an exchange rate of 100,000 marks to the U.S. dollar. Prior to World War One, the exchange rate had been 4.20 marks to a U.S. dollar. By June 1923, the rate was 81,000 marks to a dollar.[47]

June 14, 1923 (Thursday)

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Carson

June 15, 1923 (Friday)

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  • The American Relief Administration (ARA) halted all further aid to the Soviet Union after discovering that the Soviets were exporting grain to other nations, despite an ongoing famine that the ARA had been working to alleviate.[52]
Lou Gehrig and Wally Pipp

June 16, 1923 (Saturday)

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June 17, 1923 (Sunday)

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June 18, 1923 (Monday)

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  • On the Italian island of Sicily, several villages built on the side of Mount Etna— specifically, Piccilo, Pallamelata and Ferro— were destroyed by lava, but no casualties were reported as residents had time to evacuate.[62]
  • Pancho Villa, a diminutive (5'1" or 154 cm) Philippine boxer whose real name was Francisco Guilledo, won the world flyweight championship when he knocked out the titleholder, Welsh boxer Jimmy Wilde, in the seventh round before 40,000 spectators at the Polo Grounds in New York City.[63][64]
  • Speculation about Henry Ford running for president ended when he was quoted as saying, "I am much too occupied with my own affairs to become the next president and I do not intend to run.".[65]
  • Political leader Marcus Garvey was found guilty of mail fraud for using the U.S. mail to sell stock in the bankrupt Black Star Line.[66]
  • Died:
    • Vasili Komaroff, 52, Soviet Russian serial killer who murdered at least 33 people over a two year period, and his wife and accomplice Sofya Komaroff, were executed by firing squad in Moscow.
    • Walter Flanders, 52, American automobile and motorcycle manufacturer, died three days after being seriously injured in a car accident.
    • Hristo Smirnenski, 24, Bulgarian poet, died of tuberculosis

June 19, 1923 (Tuesday)

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June 20, 1923 (Wednesday)

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June 21, 1923 (Thursday)

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June 22, 1923 (Friday)

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  • The United Kingdom enacted the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge Act 1923, granting each of the two universities £100,000 annually.[27]
  • The first major feature film in Thailand, Nang Sao Suwan (Miss Suwanna of Siam), had its premiere in a theater in Nakhon Si Thammarat, and was seen a few days later in Bangkok in the Phatthanakon Cinematograph and in the Hong Kong Cinema Hall.[80] The 8-reel silent film was distributed in the United States by Universal Studios.
  • Born: Oba Erediauwa I, Nigerian civil servant, and ceremonial ruler of the Benin Empire and the Edo people in the Edo State of Nigeria from 1979 until his death in 2016; as Solomon Akenzua in Benin City (d. 2016)

June 23, 1923 (Saturday)

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  • American sculptor Gutzon Borglum began carving the Stone Mountain Memorial bas-relief sculpture and would complete the first stage, a large image of Robert E. Lee, in time for an unveiling on January 19, 1924.[citation needed]
  • Ronald McNeill, spokesperson for the British Foreign Secretary, told an audience in Sturry that the occupation of the Ruhr threatened to bring about the complete collapse of Germany, which would end all hope of ever recovering reparations payments.[81]
  • Gambhirsinhji Himmatsinhji, a 9-year-old prince, became the ruler of the princely state of Malpur upon the death of his father Dipsinhji II. He was the nominal ruler of the small state within the Bombay Province of British India until Malpur's accession to the Indian Union in 1949 as part of the state of Gujarat.[citation needed]
  • Born:
  • Died:
    • Sodnomyn Damdinbazar, 48, Prime Minister of Mongolia since March 1922
    • Jean Casale, 29, French flying ace with 13 victories in World War One, was killed in the test flight of the four-engine Blériot 115 biplane.Nieuport Aces of World War 1. p. 50.</ref>

June 24, 1923 (Sunday)

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June 25, 1923 (Monday)

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June 26, 1923 (Tuesday)

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June 27, 1923 (Wednesday)

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June 28, 1923 (Thursday)

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June 29, 1923 (Friday)

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  • Juan Crisóstomo Gómez, Vice President of Venezuela, Governor of the Caracas Federal District and the younger brother of President Juan Vicente Gómez, was assassinated in his room at the presidential residence in Caracas, the Miraflores Palace.[101]
  • French Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré made a speech in the French Senate indirectly responding to the pope's letter by explaining that "the only screw that we have on Germany is her desire to recover the Ruhr. We have no thought of annexation, and we energetically refute all accusations of imperialism. France does not wish to confiscate the Ruhr. We will keep it, however, until Germany has paid her debt." Poincaré also called the resistance movement in the Ruhr "active, insidious and criminal."[102]
  • Died: Gustave Kerker, 66, German composer

June 30, 1923 (Saturday)

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  • A time bomb exploded on a Belgian troop train just as the cars were crossing over the Hochfeld railway bridge in the occupied Ruhr region of Germany. Eight Belgian soldiers were killed, along with two German civilians.[103] Another 43 were injured. The bomb had been placed in a toilet of the car, which was transporting the Belgian soldiers home while they were on leave. The bridge itself was wrecked, and the mayor of Hochfeld and 12 other local officials were arrested by occupation forces as suspects in the crime.[104]

References

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  2. ^ "Former Actress Takes Her Seat in Commons". The New York Times. June 8, 1923. p. 1.
  3. ^ "Smith Signs Dry Act Repeal, but Warns Wets; Holds State Law not Needed for Enforcement". The New York Times. June 2, 1923. p. 1.
  4. ^ "Criqui Knocks Out Kilbane in Sixth— Captures World's Featherweight Championship With a Right to the Jaw", The New York Times, June 3, 1923, p. S-1
  5. ^ Roberts, James; Skutt, Alexander G. (2006). The Boxing Register: International Boxing Hall of Fame Official Record Book (4th Ed.). Ithaca, New York: McBooks Press, Inc. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-59013-121-3.
  6. ^ "Ponder New Law". The New York Times. June 5, 1923.
  7. ^ "Swiss Voters Reject Liquor Restriction; 93,031 Majority Against Federal Measure", The New York Times, June 4, 1923, p. 1
  8. ^ "History Probe Brands 8 Texts as Un-American". Chicago Daily Tribune. June 4, 1923. p. 12.
  9. ^ Foster, Captain Cecil (June 30, 1923). "Three Weeks Adrift in Indian Ocean; 16 More Survivors Reach Mauritius, 25 Days After Shipwreck 2,000 Miles Away". The New York Times. p. 1.
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  11. ^ "Ends 21 States' Ban on Foreign Tongues— Supreme Court Decides Pupils Have Constitutional Right to Be Taught Them". The New York Times. June 5, 1923. p. 1.
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  38. ^ "Pierre Loti Dies at Home in France; Famous Novelist Traveled the Seas for Forty Years as a Naval Officer", The New York Times, June 11, 1923, p. 13
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  49. ^ "Stambulisky Slain After He Is Rescued by Bulgar Peasants— They Overcome Guards Holding Him, but Later Near His Home Run Into Soldiers", The New York Times, June 16, 1923, p. 3
  50. ^ "Stamboliyski, Aleksandar", by Richard C. Hall, in World War One: A Student Encyclopedia p. 1721
  51. ^ "Tiger Sharks Fight Tars Bringing in 20 Ton Fish". Chicago Daily Tribune. June 15, 1923. p. 2.
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  53. ^ "Hagen Dethroned; Havers Wins Title— American Holder of British Open Golf Championship Beaten by One Stroke", The New York Times, June 16, 1923, p. 7
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