Judge Dee, or Judge Di, is a semi-fictional character[1] based on the historical figure Di Renjie, county magistrate and statesman of the Tang court. The character appeared in the 18th-century Chinese detective and gong'an crime novel Di Gong An. After Robert van Gulik came across it in an antiquarian book store in Tokyo, he translated the novel into English and then used the style and characters to write his own original Judge Dee historical mystery stories.
| Judge Dee | |
|---|---|
 Judge Dee | |
| First appearance | Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee |
| Last appearance | Poets and Murder |
| Created by | Anonymous author credited as "Buti zhuanren"/novel translated and subsequent novels continued by Robert van Gulik (character based on Di Renjie) |
| Portrayed by | Michael Goodliffe Khigh Dhiegh Yiwei Zhou |
| In-universe information | |
| Gender | Male |
| Occupation | Magistrate |
| Nationality | Chinese |
The series is set in Tang dynasty China and deals with criminal cases solved by the upright and shrewd Judge Dee, who as county magistrate in the Chinese imperial legal system was both the investigating magistrate and judge.
Dee Goong An
editThe Judge Dee character is based on the historical figure Di Renjie (c. 630 – c. 700),[2] magistrate and statesman of the Tang court.[3] During the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) in China, a "folk novel" was written set in former times, but filled with anachronisms.
Van Gulik found a copy of the 18th-century Di Gong An novel (Chinese: 狄公案; pinyin: Dí Gōng Àn; lit. "Cases of Judge Dee") in a Tokyo book store. It's an original tale dealing with three cases simultaneously. For the most part the overbearing supernatural plot elements, common among Chinese mystery tales of that period, were lacking in this case, making story more accessible to Western readers.[4] He translated it into English and had it published in 1949 under the title Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee.[3]
Van Gulik's stories
editVan Gulik began writing his own novels with the character, eventually authoring sixteen books.[5] Van Gulik was careful in writing the main novels to deal with cases wherein Dee was newly appointed to a city, thereby isolating him from the existing lifestyle and enabling him to maintain an objective role in the books. Van Gulik's novels and stories are often referred to as the Shih Ti.[6]
Initially Dee is assisted only by his faithful clerk, Sergeant Hoong Liang, an old family retainer. However, in The Chinese Gold Murders, which describes Dee's initial appointment and first criminal cases, the judge encounters two highwaymen, euphemistically called "men of the green woods", Ma Joong and Chiao Tai, who attempt to rob him but are so impressed with his character that they give up their criminal careers and join his retinue on the spot. This encounter is recounted in a short flashback passage in the original Di Gong An, taking place when the two are already long-serving loyal members of his retinue. A little later, in The Chinese Lake Murders, a third criminal, Tao Gan, an itinerant confidence trickster and swindler, similarly joins. Judge Dee ends his career in Murder in Canton being promoted to the position of senior Metropolitan Judge in the capital, and his assistants obtain official ranks in the Army and civil service.
Van Gulik also wrote a series of newspaper comics about Judge Dee in 1964–1967, which totalled 19 adventures. The first four were regular balloon strips, but the later 15 had the more typically Dutch textblock under the pictures.
Judge Dee, naturally, is responsible for deciding sentences as well as assessing guilt or innocence, although van Gulik notes in the stories that all capital punishments must be referred to and decided by officials in the capital. One of the sentences he frequently has to deal with is slow slicing; if he is inclined to mercy, he orders the final, fatal, cut to be made first, thus rendering the ceremony anticlimactic.
Van Gulik's Judge Dee novels have been translated into Chinese.
Other authors
editSeveral other authors have created stories based on Van Gulik's Judge Dee character:
- French author Frédéric Lenormand wrote 19 new Judge Dee mysteries from year 2004 at Editions Fayard, Paris (not yet translated into English). Some of them have been translated into Spanish (Ediciones Paidos Iberica), Portuguese (Europress), Bulgarian (Paradox), Czech (Garamond) and Polish.[citation needed]
- Sven Roussel, another French author, has written La dernière enquête du Juge Ti.[7]
- The Chinese-American author Zhu Xiao Di wrote ten original short stories about Judge Dee collected in Tales of Judge Dee (2006), set when the Judge was the magistrate of Poo-yang (the same time period as The Chinese Bell Murders and several other novels). Zhu Xiao Di has no relation to Robert van Gulik but tried to stay faithful to the fictionalized history of van Gulik's Judge Dee.[citation needed]
- Judge Dee appears, along with a fictionalized Wu Zetian, in books one (Iron Empress: A Novel of Mystery and Madness in Ancient China) and two (Shore of Pearls: A Novel of Murder, Plague, and the Prison Island of Hainan) of Eleanor Cooney & Daniel Alteri's historical T'ang Trilogy.
- Qiu Xiaolong, best known for his Inspector Chen series, released a new Judge Dee novel The Shadow of the Empire in 2021.
Bibliography
editBy van Gulik
editThe following novels and short stories were published in English by van Gulik. The short story collection Judge Dee at Work (published in 1967) contains a "Judge Dee Chronology" detailing Dee's various posts in specific years and stories set in these times. Van Gulik's last two books, Poets and Murder and Necklace and Calabash, were not listed in the chronology, as they were written after Judge Dee at Work, but they are both set in the time when Judge Dee was the magistrate in Poo-yang.
| Year | Title | Setting | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1949 | Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee | An "early phase of Judge Dee's career". | Translated from Chinese (originally, Dee Goong An); not part of the later continuity. Three stories: "The Case of the Double Murder at Dawn", "The Case of the Strange Corpse", and "The Case of the Poisoned Bride". Dee is the newly appointed Magistrate of Chang-ping in the Province of Shantung. He has all four lieutenants on staff: Sgt. Hoong, Chiao Tai, Ma Joong, and Tao Gan.[8] |
| 1957 | The Chinese Maze Murders | 670, Lan-fang | Written in 1950, published in Japanese in 1951; Lan-fang is a fictional district at the western frontier of Tang China. Given its name, general location and supposed role in the trade route to Khotan, it has a real historical eponymous counterpart in Lanzhou. |
| 1958 | The Chinese Bell Murders | 668, Poo-yang | Written between 1953 and 1956; Poo-yang is a fictional wealthy district on the shores of the Grand Canal of China (part of modern-day Jiangsu province). |
| 1959 | The Chinese Gold Murders | 663, Penglai | Dee's initial appointment and first criminal cases, the judge encounters two highwaymen, euphemistically called "men of the greenwood", Ma Joong and Chiao Tai. |
| 1960 | The Chinese Lake Murders | 666, Han-yuan | Han-yuan is a fictional district on a lakeshore near the capital of Chang-An. Huan-Yuan (韩原) is an ancient name for the modern day Hancheng city in Shaanxi province. |
| 1961 | The Chinese Nail Murders | 676, Pei-chow | Pei-chow is a fictional district in the far north of Tang China. |
| 1961 | The Haunted Monastery | 667, Han-yuan | Judge Dee is traveling and forced to take shelter in a monastery. |
| 1961 | The Red Pavilion | 668, Poo-yang | Judge Dee is drawn into a web of lies and sad stories in the world of the prostitutes of Imperial China. |
| 1962 | The Lacquer Screen | 664, Penglai | Judge Dee and Chiao Tai disguise themselves to go undercover and join a gang of robbers to solve the case. |
| 1963 | The Emperor's Pearl | 669, Poo-yang | Odd things going on at the deserted villa, an apparently cursed Imperial Treasure and a perverted madman. |
| 1965 | The Morning of the Monkey | 667, Han-yuan | A short novel from The Monkey and the Tiger. |
| 1965 | The Night of the Tiger | 676, Pei-chow | A short novel from The Monkey and the Tiger. |
| 1965 | The Willow Pattern | 677, Chang-An | Judge Dee is the Lord Chief Justice in the Imperial capital of Chang-An. |
| 1966 | Murder in Canton | 681, Guangzhou | Judge Dee is the Lord Chief Justice for all of China. |
| 1966 | The Phantom of the Temple | 670, Lan-fang | Mysterious phantom haunting a Buddhist temple. 20 bars of gold missing, and the merchant's beautiful daughter. |
| 1967 | "Five Auspicious Clouds" | 663, Penglai | A short story from Judge Dee at Work. |
| 1967 | "The Red Tape Murders" | 663, Penglai | A short story from Judge Dee at Work. Military murder at the army fortress. |
| 1967 | "He Came With the Rain" | 663, Penglai | A short story from Judge Dee at Work. |
| 1967 | "The Murder on the Lotus Pond" | 666, Han-yuan | A short story from Judge Dee at Work. |
| 1967 | "The Two Beggars" | 668, Poo-yang | A short story from Judge Dee at Work. |
| 1967 | "The Wrong Sword" | 668, Poo-yang | A short story from Judge Dee at Work. |
| 1967 | "The Coffins of the Emperor" | 670, Lan-fang | A short story from Judge Dee at Work. |
| 1967 | "Murder on New Year's Eve" | 670, Lan-fang | A short story from Judge Dee at Work. |
| 1967 | Necklace and Calabash | 668, Poo-yang | Judge Dee is a magistrate in the fictional Poo-yang district. Last Judge Dee novel published during van Gulik's lifetime. |
| 1968 | Poets and Murder | 669, Poo-yang | During a festival in Chin-hwa, Judge Dee is a guest of a group of distinguished scholars. A young girl has been murdered and the accused is a beautiful poetess. |
By other authors
editBy the author Frédéric Lenormand (not yet translated into English):
- Le Château du lac Tchou-an (2004) - The Zhou-an lake castle
- La Nuit des juges (2004) - The Night of the judges
- Petits meurtres entre moines (2004) - Little murders among monks
- Le Palais des courtisanes (2004) - The courtesans' palace
- Madame Ti mène l'enquête (2005) - Mrs. Dee investigates
- Mort d'un cuisinier chinois (2005) - Death of a Chinese cook
- L'Art délicat du deuil (2006) - The Delicate art of mourning
- Mort d'un maître de go (2006) - Death of a Go master
- Dix petits démons chinois (2007) - Ten little Chinese devils
- Médecine chinoise à l'usage des assassins (2007) - Chinese Medicine for murderers
- Guide de survie d'un juge en Chine (2008) - Survival guide for the Chinese judge
- Panique sur la Grande Muraille (2008) - Panic on the Great Wall
- Le Mystère du jardin chinois (2009) - The Chinese Garden Mystery
- Diplomatie en kimono (2009) - Diplomacy in a Kimono
- Thé vert et arsenic (2010) - Arsenic and green tea
- Un Chinois ne ment jamais (2010) - A Chinese never lies
- Divorce à la chinoise (2011) - Chinese-style Divorce
- Meurtres sur le fleuve Jaune (2011) - The Yellow River Murders
By the author Zhu Xiao Di:
- Tales of Judge Dee (2006), ten short stories set in the time when Judge Dee is magistrate of Poo-yang (AD 669–670), ISBN 0-595-38438-2
By the author Sven Roussel:
- La Dernière Enquète du Juge Ti (2008) set at the end Judge Dee's term of service in Lan Fang (AD 675)
By authors Eleanor Cooney & Daniel Alteri:
- Iron Empress: A Novel of Mystery and Madness in Ancient China (formerly titled Deception: A Novel of Mystery and Madness in Ancient China, ISBN 0-380-70872-8), Book One of the T'ang Trilogy, ISBN 9781475604450
- Shore of Pearls: A Novel of Murder, Plague, and the Prison Island of Hainan, Book Two of the T'ang Trilogy, ISBN 9781475604474
By Lin Qianyu (林千羽):
- 狄仁杰 通天帝国 (2010), tie-in novel of Tsui Hark 2010 film: Detective Dee and the Mystery of the Phantom Flame, ISBN 978-7-5385-4859-4
By the author Hock G. Tjoa:
- The Ingenious Judge Dee (2013), a theatrical play based on Dee Goong An,[9] ISBN 1-493-57691-7
By Qiu Xiaolong:
- In the Shadow of the Empire (2021), ISBN 978-07-2785-081-2
Adaptations
editComics
editThe stories have been adapted into comic strips by Dutch artists Fritz Kloezeman[10] between 1964 and 1969 and Dick Matena in 2000.[11]
Television
editEnglish-language
editJudge Dee has been adapted for television twice in English:
- In 1969, Howard Baker produced six Judge Dee stories for Granada Television. These episodes were in black and white and were not a ratings success. White English actor Michael Goodliffe portrayed the Judge in yellowface.
- In 1974, Gerald Isenberg adapted the novel The Haunted Monastery into a television movie for ABC, titled Judge Dee and the Monastery Murders. It starred Khigh Dhiegh as Judge Dee.[2] With the exception of the star (who generally played East Asian roles but was of English and North African descent), the movie had an all-Asian cast, including Mako, Soon-Tek Oh, Keye Luke, and James Hong. The writing was credited to Nicholas Meyer and Robert van Gulik. It was nominated for an Edgar Award, for Best Television Feature or Miniseries in 1975.[citation needed]
Chinese-language
editSome of Robert van Gulik's Judge Dee stories have been adapted for Chinese TV by CCTV, under the title of Detective Di Renjie, most of which star Liang Guanhua as Detective Di. As of 2012, four different DVD series are available with one series so far with English subtitles. CCTV produced series in 2004, 2006, 2008 and 2010. The series from 2010, entitled "Detective Di Renjie" has been produced on DVD by Tai Seng entertainment with English subtitles.[citation needed]
The list:
- Amazing Detective Di Renjie (2004)
- Amazing Detective Di Renjie 2 (2006)
- Amazing Detective Di Renjie 3 (2008)
- Mad Detective Di Renjie (2010)
In 2013, Beijing-based producer Wang Donghui secured the rights to make a new 40-episode TV series adaptation of the novels. It was a UK-China co-production, overseen by Western showrunners Jim Keeble and Dudi Appleton, with a British writing team. The scripts were then translated into Chinese.[12] It stars Yiwei Zhou as Di Renjie. In 2024, Youku released the series, titled Judge Dee's Mystery, which was also sold to Netflix.[13]
Film
editTsui Hark has made a trilogy of films based on the character. Andy Lau portrayed the character in the first film with Mark Chao continuing in the next two.[2]
- Detective Dee and the Mystery of the Phantom Flame (2010)[2]
- Young Detective Dee: Rise of the Sea Dragon (2013)[2]
- Detective Dee: The Four Heavenly Kings (2018)[2]
Video Games
editJudge Dee is the protagonist of the title Detective Di: The Silk Rose Murders (2019), "Steam link".
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Kuhn, Anthony (25 October 2013). "Before Sherlock: An Ancient Chinese Sleuth's Enduring Appeal". NPR. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Kidd, James (26 September 2018). "Who was Detective Dee? Unravelling the mystery of a Tang-dynasty hero". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
- ^ a b Zigmond, Dan. "The Judge Dee Mysteries". Tricycle: The Buddhist Review. Archived from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
- ^ Wright, Daniel Franklin (2004). "Chinoiserie in the novels of Robert Hans van Gulik". Wilfrid Laurier University.
- ^ "Robert van Gulik". University of Chicago Press. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
- ^ Accardo, Pasquale (2011). China's Sherlock Holmes. The Battered Silicon Dispatch Box. p. 8.
- ^ Roussel, Sven (2008). La dernière enquête du Juge Ti (in French). ISBN 978-2-9532206-0-5.
- ^ Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee (Dee Goong An): An Authentic Eighteenth-Century Chinese Detective Novel. Dover Publications, 1976. Copyright notes, "an unabridged, slightly corrected version of the work first published privately in Tokyo in 1949 under the title Dee Goong An: Three Murder Cases Solved by Judge Dee".
- ^ "The Ingenious Judge Dee". Retrieved November 5, 2021.
- ^ "Frits Kloezeman". lambiek.net.
- ^ "Dick Matena". lambiek.net.
- ^ https://www.bafta.org/asia/features/british-screenwriters-adapt-chinese-novels-in-unique-uk-china-collaboration
- ^ "Judge Dee's Mystery set to reach global audiences". China Daily. Retrieved 2024-04-01.
Sources
edit- Accardo, Pasquale J. (2011). China's Sherlock Holmes: The Life and Times of Robert van Gulik's Judge Dee. Eugenia, ON: The Battered Silicon Dispatch Box. ISBN 978-1-55246-960-6. The esteemed member of the Baker Street Irregulars and commentator on both Sherlock Holmes and Father Brown summarizes the career of Robert van Gulik's presentation of Judge Dee, with detailed plot outlines, character biographies, chronologies, and a discussion of the phenomenon of "doubling" throughout the series.
- Benedetti, Lavinia (2013). “The use of Chinese Supernatural Elements in Van Gulik’s Series Judge Dee Mysteries”, «Zhongguo Bijiao Wenxue» 《中国比较文学》(Comparative Literature in China), Vol. 92, no. 3, 119-133.
- Benedetti, Lavinia (2014). “Killing Di Gong: Rethinking van Gulik’s Translation of Late Qing Dynasty Novel Wu Zetian Si Da Qi’an”, in Paolo Santangelo (ed.), Ming Qing Studies 2014, 11-42.
- Benedetti, Lavinia (2017).“Further Definition of Di Renjie’s identity(ies) in Chinese History, Literature and Media”, Frontiers of History in China 2017, 12(4), 599–620.
- Van Dover, J. Kenneth (2015). The Judge Dee Novels of R. H. Van Gulik: The Case of the Chinese Detective and the American Reader. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 9780786496211. A scholar of American detective fiction explores the historical Chinese figures, the tradition of the Chinese detective story, China and Chinese in American literature, and van Gulik's adaptations.
External links
edit- Judge Dee: Character chronology and information about the author (in English)
- The Judge Dee website by Sven Roussel
- Fansite containing detailed publishing history in various languages (in English and Dutch)