John Vaughan (British Army officer, died 1795)

For other people named John Vaughan, see John Vaughan (disambiguation).

Lieutenant-General Sir John Vaughan KB (c. 1731 – 30 June 1795), styled The Honourable from 1741, was a British soldier and a Member of Parliament in both the British and Irish Parliaments. During the American Revolutionary War he served in both the American and West Indies theaters.

The Honourable Lieutenant-General Sir John Vaughan KB
Etching of Vaughan by Albert Rosenthal
Member of Parliament for Berwick-upon-Tweed
In office 1774–1795
Member of Parliament for St Johnstown
In office 1776–1783
Personal details
Born	c.1731
Died	30 June 1795 Martinique
Resting place	Mamhead, Devon
Political party	Whig
Parents	Wilmot Vaughan, 3rd Viscount Lisburne (father) Elizabeth Watson (mother)
Occupation	Soldier and politician
Military service
Allegiance	Kingdom of Great Britain
Branch/service	British Army
Years of service	1748–1795
Rank	Lieutenant-General
Unit	10th Dragoons
Commands	94th Regiment of Foot 16th Regiment of Foot 46th Regiment of Foot Leeward Islands Windward Islands
Battles/wars	Seven Years' War Invasion of Martinique American Revolutionary War New York and New Jersey campaign Battle of Long Island Battle of Fort Washington Battle of White Plains Philadelphia campaign Battle of Short Hills Saratoga campaign Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery Burning of Kingston Northern theatre Second Hudson River expedition Fourth Anglo-Dutch War Capture of Sint Eustatius French Revolutionary Wars West Indies Campaign

Background and early career

Further information: Great Britain in the Seven Years' War

Vaughan was the second son of the 3rd Viscount Lisburne. He began his military career as an officer in the 9th Marines, being commissioned as a second lieutenant in 1746; but he transferred to the 10th Dragoons as a cornet in 1748, being promoted to lieutenant in 1751, captain-lieutenant in 1754 and Major in 1759. In 1760 he became a Lieutenant-Colonel in the 94th Foot, and held the same rank in the 16th Foot from 1762. He served in both Germany and North America during the Seven Years' War, leading a division of grenadiers with great distinction at the capture of Martinique. In 1772 he was promoted to colonel, and from 1775 until his death was Colonel of the 46th Foot.

Member of Parliament

He entered the British Parliament in 1774 as member for Berwick-upon-Tweed, holding the seat for the remaining twenty years of his life. From 1776 to 1783, he was also a member of the Irish Parliament and represented St Johnstown (County Longford). He was appointed Governor of Fort William in 1779 and then, in 1780, as Governor of Berwick, also holding this post until his death, although it did not interfere with his active military career. He was a reliable supporter of the government when in the House of Commons, but of course could not attend while he was absent on active service: at the 1780 election the government's election managers considered trying to replace him temporarily as Berwick's MP by someone who would be able to attend and vote, but the borough's patrons would have none of it and he was returned unopposed.

American War of Independence

Following the outbreak of the American War of Independence Vaughan returned to North America as a Major-General, serving from 1776 until 1779.

He led the grenadiers at the Battle of Long Island, and was wounded in the thigh; he commanded a column in the Battle of Short Hills, New Jersey, in July 1777, and he commanded a column during the successful assault on Fort Clinton and Fort Montgomery, where his horse was killed under him.

In 1779, he returned to England but was immediately appointed Commander-in-Chief in the Leeward Islands

Fourth Anglo-Dutch War

Vaughan served in the West Indies from 1779 until 1782, taking a leading part in Rodney's Capture of St Eustatius in 1781, a successful campaign aimed at neutralizing the Dutch port which was used to store and send supplies to the American colonists during their Revolutionary War. Later in the year he was accused of embezzling the property confiscated at St Eustatius, and was forced to defend himself against Burke's attack in Parliament, stating that he had not profited by a shilling and had always acted in the national interest rather than his own. He was promoted to Lieutenant General in 1782.

Later life

1792, he was knighted as a Knight of the Bath (KB). In 1795 he was appointed once more to command in the Leeward Islands, but died later the same year at Martinique.

Sources

• Jameson, J. Franklin (July 1903). "St. Eustatius in the American Revolution". The American Historical Review. 8 (4). Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Historical Association: 683–708. doi:10.2307/1834346. JSTOR 1834346.
• Concise Dictionary of National Biography (1930)
• Robert Beatson, A Chronological Register of Both Houses of Parliament (London: Longman, Hurst, Res & Orme, 1807) [1]
• Lewis Namier & John Brooke, The History of Parliament: The House of Commons 1754-1790 (London: HMSO, 1964)
• Leigh Rayment's Peerage Pages