John Gano (July 22, 1727– August 10, 1804) was an American Baptist minister, soldier, patriot, and military chaplain who allegedly baptized his friend, George Washington.[1][2] He was also notable for his bravery at the Battle of White Plains and crossing the Delaware River with General Washington.[3][4] Gano later served as the first chaplain of the Kentucky Legislature in 1798.[5] He was the founder of the Gano political family, which included several generations of politicians and military officers.
John Gano | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | July 22, 1727 |
| Died | August 10, 1804
(aged 77) |
| Monuments | Gano Chapel at William Jewell College |
| Nationality | American |
| Other names | "The Hero of Chatterton Hill" and "The Fighting Chaplain" |
| Education | Princeton University |
| Occupation(s) | 1st Chaplain of the Kentucky Legislature, Minister, and Soldier |
| Known for | Writing "Biographical memoirs of the late Rev. John Gano, of Frankfort" and allegedly baptizing George Washington |
| Honours | Membership in Society of the Cincinnati |
| Military Service | |
| Allegiance |  United States of America |
| Service | Continental Army |
| Years of service | 1776-1783 |
| Rank | Brigade Chaplain |
| Unit | 19th Continental Regiment |
| 1st Chaplain of the Kentucky Legislature | |
| In office November 8, 1798 – August 10, 1804 | |
| Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York | |
| In office November 12, 1784 – April 13, 1787 | |
Early life
editGano was raised as a Presbyterian. His father was a descendant of French Calvinists (Huguenots) and his mother of English Baptists. After a powerful conversion experience, John Gano eventually became a Calvinist Baptist as a young man after a period of intense study. Gano left the family farm to study at Princeton University (then the College of New Jersey) but left before graduating. Gano was ordained as pastor of the Scotch Plains, New Jersey, Baptist Church on May 29, 1754. In 1760, he became the founding pastor of what later became the First Baptist Church in the City of New York. Gano served as pastor of the New York Church until 1787, however, he made long itinerant trips evangelizing throughout the thirteen colonies, asserting
I... had a right to proclaim free grace wherever I went.[6]
Gano travelled throughout the South, Middle Atlantic States, and New England, sometimes being away from home for as long as two years. In 1764, Gano joined several others as an original fellow or trustee for the chartering of the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (the former name for Brown University, originally a Baptist school).[7]
Revolutionary War
editDuring the American Revolution, Gano served as a soldier and a chaplain for the Continental Army.[8] On October 28, 1776, Gano was present at the Battle of White Plains. He was stationed on Chatterton Hill with the 19th Infantry Regiment who were suffering heavy losses from the British. He walked in front of the troops while under fire and encouraged them not to retreat but to keep fighting. He wrote in his memoirs saying "My station in time of action I knew to be with the surgeons, but in this battle I somehow got in the front of the regiment, yet I durst not quit my place for fear of dampening the spirits of the soldiers or of bringing on myself the imputation of cowardice."[1][9] It was after this battle he earned the nicknames "The Hero of Chatterton Hill" and "The Fighting Chaplain".[2][10][3]
On December 26, 1776, Gano participated in George Washington's famous crossing of the Delaware River and was also present at the Battle of Trenton that followed.[11] In the Chaplains and Clergy of the Revolution it states "He (Gano) crossed the Wintry Delaware with the army when it made its fearful midnight march on Trenton, and shared in the dangers of the battle that followed".[4][12][13] Gano served at the Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery on October 6, 1777 near West Point while serving under General George Clinton.[14] He later took part in the Sullivan-Clinton Expedition in 1779.[15] Gano was chosen by General Washington to say a prayer marking the official end of the American Revolutionary War in 1783.[8]
Post-war career
editAfter the War, Gano returned to his congregation in New York. On May 1, 1784, Gano was elected to the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York alongside John Jay and Alexander Hamilton.[16] By 1787, Gano moved to Kentucky where he would live at until his death in 1804.[17] On June 17, 1793, future vice-president Aaron Burr wrote Gano a letter congratulating a friend of Gano's named John Edwards (1748-1837) for getting elected to the Kentucky Senate.[18]
On November 9, 1798, Gano was elected as the first chaplain for the Kentucky Legislature as stated in the Journal of the Kentucky House of Representatives "In Senate: Resolved that the Rev. John Gano be appointed chaplain to the general assembly; in which they request the concurrence of this house."[5] He was also a member of the Society of Cincinnati.[19]
Death
editGano died on August 10, 1804, and is buried in the Daughters Of The Revolutionary War Section of the Frankfort Cemetery in Frankfort, Kentucky, just beyond Daniel Boone's grave. Before his death, Gano wrote and published an autobiography of his life.
Descendants
editGano's descendants include billionaire Howard Robard Hughes Jr., whose mother was Allene (Gano) Hughes; Rev. Stephen Gano; Admiral Roy Alexander Gano; Confederate States of America General Richard Montgomery Gano, chemist Francis Gano Benedict, and Civil War Officers Stephen Gano Burbridge, William Hubbell Price, and William Price Sanders. The Wright brothers Orville and Wilbur, who invented the first successful airplane were Gano's 3rd great nephews through his sister Susannah.[20]
Alleged baptism of George Washington
editIn 1889, two of Gano's grandchildren claimed in an affidavit[21] that Gano's eldest daughter told them that Gano had baptized Washington by immersion at Valley Forge when he was one of Washington's chaplains.[22]
The story is rejected by a portion of secular historians. Dr. William Grady in his book What Hath God Wrought: A Biblical Interpretation of American history believes the account to be authentic. Washington biographer and uncle of Howard Hughes, Rupert Hughes, researched the matter and determined that Rev. Gano served with George Clinton's army, not with Washington's, that the location is sometimes given as Valley Forge and sometimes as the Potomac, that there is no documentation of Gano ever being at Valley Forge, that there is nothing in Gano's own correspondence or his biography to suggest that the event took place, and that none of the 42 reputed witnesses ever documented the event.[23][24]
Gano Chapel at William Jewell College in Missouri is named after John Gano, and displays a painting of Gano baptizing Washington. The school takes no stance on whether the baptism of Washington actually took place. The chapel also contains a sword owned by the Marquis de Lafayette that Washington purportedly gave to Gano.
Washington's church, Anglican, believed in infant baptism and his christening is recorded as taking place on April 5, 1732, about six weeks after he was born.[25]
References
edit- ^ a b "Religion: Washington's Baptism" Time Magazine, September 5, 1932 http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,744297,00.html Archived 2013-08-13 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Research, Kentucky Kindred Genealogical (2021-10-28). "Rev. John Gano and Wife Sarah – First Revolutionary Soldier Re-Interred in D.A.R. Lot in Frankfort Cemetery – Franklin County". Kentucky Kindred Genealogy. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
- ^ a b "August 9". Calvary Independent Baptist Church of Post Falls, Idaho. 2020-08-06. Retrieved 2022-08-10.
- ^ a b Headley, J. T. (1864). The Chaplains and Clergy of the Revolution. C. Scribner. ISBN 978-0-7905-5052-7.
- ^ a b "John Gano Chosen Chaplain for Kentucky General Assembly". baptisthistoryhomepage.com. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
- ^ Gano, John (1806). Biographical Memoirs of the Late Rev. John Gano, of Frankfort (Kentucky): Formerly of the City of New York. Southwick and Hardcastle.
- ^ Charter of Brown University Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b McKibbens, Thomas R. (1986). The Forgotten Heritage: A Lineage of Great Baptist Preaching. Mercer. ISBN 978-0-86554-186-3.
- ^ "Colonel Charles Webb's Regimant, 1776 - 19th Continental | Connecticut In The Revolution | American Wars". www.americanwars.org. Retrieved 2023-06-26.
- ^ Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine. National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. 1894.
- ^ Gano, John (1806). Biographical Memoirs of the Late Rev. John Gano, of Frankfort (Kentucky): Formerly of the City of New York. Southwick and Hardcastle.
- ^ The United States Army Chaplaincy. Office of the Chief of Chaplains, Department of the Army. 1977.
- ^ Thompson, Parker C. (1978). From Its European Antecedents to 1791: The United States Army Chaplaincy. Office of the Chief of Chaplains, Department of the Army.
- ^ Sterner, Eric (2024-04-10). "Reverend John Gano and the battle for Forts Montgomery and Clinton". Emerging Revolutionary War Era. Retrieved 2024-07-19.
- ^ "sullbio2". www.usgwarchives.net. Retrieved 2024-03-05.
- ^ Chester, Alden; Williams, Edwin Melvin (2005). Courts and Lawyers of New York: A History, 1609-1925. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-58477-424-2.
- ^ Gano, John (1806). Biographical Memoirs of the Late Rev. John Gano, of Frankfort (Kentucky): Formerly of the City of New York. Southwick and Hardcastle.
- ^ "Aaron Burr letter to Rev. John Gano". exploreuk.uky.edu. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
- ^ Schuyler, John (1886). Institution of the Society of the Cincinnati: Formed by the Officers of the American Army of the Revolution, 1783, with Extracts, from the Proceedings of Its General Meetings and from the Transactions of the New York State Society. Society.
- ^ "John Gano Genealogy: Family Tree & Famous Relatives". famouskin.com. Retrieved 2023-12-31.
- ^ "Text of affidavit". Archived from the original on 2009-02-11.
- ^ "Religion: Washington's Baptism". Time. Time Inc. September 5, 1932. Archived from the original on October 27, 2010. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
- ^ "Rupert Hughes' rebuttal of the Gano baptism legend in Time magazine". September 26, 1932. Archived from the original on May 23, 2011. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
- ^ "Franklin Steiner's refutation of the Gano baptism legend". Retrieved 2009-11-12.
- ^ "George Washington Facts: Myths and legends", The college at Chester, Washington College, June 2011
External links
edit
Bibliography
edit- Gano, John. "A Chaplain of the Revolution: Memoirs of the Rev. John Gano." Historical Magazine, 5 (November 1861), pp. 330–335.
- Wolever, Terry. "The Life & Ministry of John Gano - Volume I." Springfield, MO: Particular Baptist Press, 1998.
- John Gano, Biographical memoirs of the late Rev. John Gano, of Frankfort (Kentucky): formerly of the city of New York (Printed by Southwick and Hardcastle for J. Tiebout, 1806).