Wakamiya (Japanese: 若宮丸, later 若宮艦) was a seaplane carrier of the Imperial Japanese Navy and the first Japanese aircraft carrier. She was converted from a transport ship into a seaplane carrier and commissioned in August 1914. She was equipped with four Japanese-built French Maurice Farman seaplanes (powered by Renault 70 hp (52 kW) engines). In September 1914, she conducted the world's first naval-launched air raids.
| |
| History | |
|---|---|
| Name | Lethington |
| Owner |
|
| Port of registry | |
| Builder | Robert Duncan and company, Port Glasgow |
| Launched | 21 September 1900 |
| Completed | October 1901 |
| Notes | chartered by Russia during Russo-Japanese War; Captured by Japan on 12 January 1905 |
| Fate | Scrapped |
 Japan | |
| Name | Wakamiya |
| Acquired | 1913 |
| Commissioned | 17 August 1914 |
| Renamed | |
| Reclassified |
|
| Stricken | 1 April 1931 |
| Fate | Sold to Eizo Aoki on 26 November 1931, scrapped in 1932 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Seaplane carrier |
| Displacement | 7,720 long tons (7,844 t) |
| Length | 111.25 m (365 ft 0 in) |
| Beam | 14.6 m (47 ft 11 in) |
| Draught | 5.8 m (19 ft 0 in) |
| Propulsion | VTE engines, 3 boilers, 1 shaft, 1,590 ihp (1,190 kW) |
| Speed | 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) |
| Complement | 234 |
| Armament |
|
| Aircraft carried | 4 × Farman MF.11 seaplanes |
Early career
editWakamiya was initially the Russian freighter Lethington, built by Duncan in Port Glasgow, United Kingdom, laid down in 1900 and launched 21 September 1900. She was captured on a voyage from Cardiff to Vladivostok during the Russo-Japanese War near Okinoshima in 1905 by the Japanese torpedo boat TB No. 72. She was acquired by the Japanese government, renamed Takasaki-Maru until given the official name of Wakamiya-Maru on 1 September, and from 1907 was managed as a transport ship by NYK.[4]
In 1913 she was transferred to the Imperial Japanese Navy and converted to a seaplane carrier, being completed on 17 August 1914. She was a 7,720-ton ship, with a complement of 234. She had two seaplanes on deck and two in reserve. Wakamiya did not possess a catapult; the seaplanes were lowered onto the water with a crane, whence they would take off, and then be retrieved from the water once their mission was completed.
Siege of Qingdao
editFrom 5 September 1914, Wakamiya conducted the world's first naval-launched air raids during the first months of the First World War from Kiaochow Bay off Qingdao, which is located in China. On 6 September 1914 a Farman aircraft launched by Wakamiya attacked the Austro-Hungarian cruiser Kaiserin Elisabeth and the German gunboat Jaguar in Qiaozhou Bay; neither ship was hit.[5][6] Her seaplanes bombarded German-held land targets (communication centers and command centers) in the Qingdao peninsula of Shandong province and ships in Qiaozhou Bay from September to 6 November 1914, during the Siege of Qingdao.
British officers serving in the Battle of Qingdao commented on the operations of the Wakamiya:
Daily reconnaissances, weather permitting, were made by the Japanese seaplanes, working from the seaplane mother ship. They continued to bring valuable information throughout the siege. The mother ship was fitted with a couple of derricks for hoisting them in and out. During these reconnaissances they were constantly fired at by the German guns mostly with shrapnel, but were never hit. The Japanese airmen usually carried bombs for dropping on the enemy positions.
— Report by Lieut. Commanders G.S.F. Nash and G. Gipps, HMS Triumph, 18 November 1914.[7]
On 30 September, Wakamiya struck a German mine and had to be repaired for a week. On this occasion, her seaplanes were transferred on land at Shazikou (沙子口海岸), from where they accomplished further scouting and attack missions:
The seaplane corps and three Henry Farman 100 h.p. seaplanes were, in consequence of the damage done to the mother ship, landed at the Base already established at Laoshan Harbour (to the West of the Bay so nearer to Qingdao), and this proved eminently satisfactory.
— Report by Lieut. Commanders G.S.F. Nash and G. Gipps of HMS Triumph, 18 November 1914.[7]
Altogether the seaplanes made 49 attacks, dropping 190 bombs on German defenses until the German surrender on 7 November. According to the British Naval Attaché to Tokyo, Captain Hon. Hubert Brand, who had been stationed for three months on Imperial Japanese Navy warships throughout the battle, the bombs used by the seaplanes were about equivalent to 12 pdr. shells.[7]
Later developments
editWakamiya was modified as a regular aircraft carrier with a launch platform on the foredeck in April 1920 (when she was renamed Wakamiya-kan 若宮艦). She accomplished in June 1920 the first Japanese take-off from an aircraft carrier. It is thought she had a pioneering role in developing aircraft carrier techniques for the Japanese aircraft carrier Hosho,[8] the first purpose-built aircraft carrier in the world.[9]
She was used as a trials ship after 1924, stricken 1 April 1931, and scrapped in 1932.
Notes
edit- ^ 14 February 1905, Ministerial ordinance No. 119, Named capture steamships Okinoshima Maru and two vessels, Minister's Secretariat, Imperial Japanese Navy
- ^ 1 September 1905, Notice No. 120, Named capture steamships Wakamiya Maru and six vessels, Minister's Secretariat, Imperial Japanese Navy
- ^ 1 June 1915, Notice No. 76, Transport ship Wakamiya Maru renamed warship Wakamiya, Minister's Secretariat, Imperial Japanese Navy
- ^ Source NYK Archived 18 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Donko, Wilhelm M.: "Österreichs Kriegsmarine in Fernost: Alle Fahrten von Schiffen der k.(u.)k. Kriegsmarine nach Ostasien, Australien und Ozeanien von 1820 bis 1914". (epubli, Berlin, 2013). pp. 4, 156–162, 427.
- ^ Layman, R.D. Before the Aircraft Carrier (Naval Institute Press, 1989) does not name the ships and gives the date as 27 November.
- ^ a b c "Wakamiya Maru at Tsingtao". Retrieved 22 October 2016.
- ^ Pike, John. "IJN Wakamiya Aircraft Carrier". Retrieved 22 October 2016.
- ^ "The Imperial Japanese Navy was a pioneer in naval aviation, having commissioned the world's first built-from-the-keel-up carrier, the Hosho." Source.
References
edit- "Sabre et pinceau", Christian Polak, Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie Française au Japon.
- Histories of Naval organizations #8, author: Ministry of the Navy, printed: Hara Shobō (Japan), original plot in January 1940, reprinted in October 1971
- Monthly Ships of the World, "Kaijinsha". (Japan)
- No. 481, Special issue Vol. 40, "History of Japanese aircraft carriers", May 1994
- No. 522, Special issue Vol. 47, "Auxiliary Vessels of the Imperial Japanese Navy", March 1997