Wikipedia

Japanese destroyer Yukikaze (1939)

For other ships with the same name, see Japanese destroyer Yukikaze.

Yukikaze (雪風, "Snowy Wind") was a Kagerō-class destroyer in service with the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. She was the only member of her class to survive the war, and did so without suffering any major damage. She participated in the battles of the Java Sea, Midway, and Santa Cruz, helping to sink the submarine USS Perch, and saw her first major surface action at the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, sinking the destroyer USS Laffey and helping to sink the destroyer USS Cushing, alongside crippling the destroyer USS Sterett and lightly damaging the destroyer USS O'Bannon. She survived the devastating naval defeat that was the Battle of the Bismarck Sea undamaged, and led a Japanese counter attack at the Battle of Kolombangara, where she likely directly torpedoed the light cruiser HMNZS Leander and took part in a mass torpedo spread that sank the destroyer USS Gwin and torpedoed the light cruisers USS Honolulu and USS Saint Louis.

Yukikaze underway, December 1939
History
Empire of Japan
NameYukikaze
BuilderSasebo Naval Arsenal
Launched24 March 1939
Commissioned20 January 1940
Stricken5 October 1945
FateTransferred to the Republic of China Navy, 6 July 1947
Republic of China
NameROCS Dan Yang (丹陽) [1]
NamesakeDanyang
Acquired6 July 1947
Commissioned1 May 1948
Decommissioned16 November 1966
IdentificationHull number: DD-12
FateScrapped, 1970
General characteristics
Class and typeKagerō-class destroyer
Displacement2,490 long tons (2,530 t)
Length118.5 m (388 ft 9 in)
Beam10.8 m (35 ft 5 in)
Draft3.8 m (12 ft 6 in)
Speed35.5 knots (40.9 mph; 65.7 km/h)
Complement240
Armament

Yukikaze undertook escort missions during the Battle of the Philippine Sea, and later took part in the Battle of Leyte Gulf, surviving the allied attacks that sank dozens of Japanese ships and engaging the escort carriers and destroyers of Taffy 3, firing torpedoes at US escort carriers without obtaining a hit and engaging the destroyer USS Johnston. Yukikaze saw her last major action escorting and witnessing the sinking of the battleship Yamato during the Battle of Okinawa, before surviving the war, being the only ship of her class to do so.

Following the war, the ship was transferred to the Republic of China Navy, where she was renamed Dan Yang (丹陽 DD-12) and served until 1966, before being scrapped in 1970.[2]

Design and description

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The Kagerō class was an enlarged and improved version of the preceding Asashio class of destroyers. Their crew numbered 240 officers and enlisted men. The ships measured 118.5 meters (388 ft 9 in) overall, with a beam of 10.8 meters (35 ft 5 in) and a draft of 3.76 meters (12 ft 4 in).[3] They displaced 2,065 metric tons (2,032 long tons) at standard load and 2,529 metric tons (2,489 long tons) at deep load.[4] The ships had two Kampon geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by three Kampon water-tube boilers. The turbines were rated at a total of 52,000 shaft horsepower (39,000 kW) for a designed speed of 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph). However, the class proved capable of exceeding 35.5 knots on sea trials. The ships were designed with a range of 5,000 nautical miles (9,300 km; 5,800 mi) at a speed of 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph). However, the class more accurately proved to have a range of 6,053 nautical miles (11,210 km; 6,966 mi) on trials.[5]

The main armament of the Kagerō class consisted of six Type 3 127-millimeter (5.0 in) guns in three twin-gun turrets, one superfiring pair aft and one turret forward of the superstructure. They were built with four Type 96 25-millimeter (1.0 in) anti-aircraft guns in two twin-gun mounts, but more of these guns were added over the course of the war. The ships were also armed with eight 610-millimeter (24.0 in) torpedo tubes for the oxygen-fueled Type 93 "Long Lance" torpedo in two quadruple traversing mounts; one reload was carried for each tube.[4] Their anti-submarine weapons consisted of 16 depth charges.[6]

Career in Imperial Japanese Navy

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Yukikaze was laid down on August 2 1938, launched on March 24 1939, and completed on January 20 1940.[7] In December of 1941, Yukikaze was put under the command of Captain Tobida Kenjirō.[8]

During the start of World War 2 for Japan, December 7 1941, Yukikaze was escorting the light carrier Ryūjō during an air raid on Davao. Throughout the rest of December and into January of 1942, Yukikaze would escort invasion convoys heading to Legaspi, Lamon Bay, Menado, Kendari, and Ambon. On February 20, Yukikaze would escort the invasion force destined for Timor. Then, on the 27th, Yukikaze would see her first active combat role taking part in the battle of the Java Sea, the destruction of the allied surface ships attempting to defend the Dutch East Indies against Japanese invasion. However, Yukikaze only took part in a torpedo attack that failed to land a single hit. In the aftermath of the battle, Yukikaze rescued some 40 survivors from several sunken allied warships. Captain Tobida interrogated Captain Thomas Spencer, the highest ranking member of the survivors who had served as a gunnery chief on the destroyer HMS Electra, which was sunk in a gunfight with the destroyer Asagumo. No relevant information was found, but Spencer reportedly conversed about his birthplace in Scotland and graduation from the Britannia Royal Naval College. Yukikaze then transferred the prisoners to the recently captured hospital ship Op Ten Noort.[7][9]

After the Dutch East Indies were successfully invaded, Yukikaze took part in various anti-submarine operations throughout March. On the 3rd, Yukikaze was operating in the Java Sea when her consort, the destroyer Amatsukaze, spotted the crippled submarine USS Perch. Perch had been previously damaged by the destroyers Minegumo and Natsugumo on March 1, then further crippled by the destroyers Ushio and Sazanami the next day, with the combined damage preventing her from diving and destroying three of her four engines, cutting her speed to five knots. Yukikaze promptly joined Amatsukaze in blasting Perch with gunfire and finished the crippled submarine off.[10][11] Yukikaze continued submarine patrols, but had no further encounters, then escorted the invasion force for New Guinea before returning to Davao. From April 26 to May 2, Yukikaze was drydocked for maintenance, then steamed from Kure to Saipan.[7][12]

In preparation for the Battle of Midway, Yukikaze would escort a number of troop transports for the phase of the battle which involved the invasion of Midway Island. However, through June 3 to June 6, the battle turned into one of the most devastating naval defeats of the entire war. Four Japanese aircraft carriers and a heavy cruiser were sunk by American aircraft carrier raids, prompting the invasion forces to retreat.[7][13] After the battle, Yukikaze joined the main body force, and assisted the crippled heavy cruiser Mogami. [14]

With such a blunder out of the way, it was off to the Guadalcanal campaign. Around this time, Yukikaze would receive a new captain, Ryokichi Kanma, and after a series a training missions, Yukikaze would see some action again as an aircraft carrier escort at the battle of Santa Cruz, October 26. American aircraft carrier attacks damaged a number of Japanese vessels (but failed to sink any), but the attacks were mostly focused on the carriers as Yukikaze remained undamaged. The Japanese planes in turn sank the aircraft carrier USS Hornet and the destroyer USS Porter, and damaged or crippled several other vessels. With the battle concluded in a victory, the Japanese ships returned to Truk on October 30.[15][7]

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Main article: Naval Battle of Guadalcanal
 
The formation of the Japanese and American warships during the first naval battle of Guadalcanal at 1:45 am (note Yukikaze's position)

Yukikaze saw her first notable action in what would combinate into the first naval battle of Guadalcanal. With a goal of conducting another major bombardment on Henderson Field, a former Japanese air base which was captured by US forces and being used against Japanese shipping to great effect, the main ships of the force consisted of the battleships Hiei and Kirishima, each armed with eight 14-inch (356 mm) guns and a variety of smaller guns. Hiei served as Admiral Abe's flagship. Escorting the force came the light cruiser Nagara, and a total of eleven destroyers, including Yukikaze. The force departed on the 9th of November 1942. While the destroyers initially operated in a standard formation, heavy rain squalls had managed to break up the formation and leave the destroyers operating in small clusters, in turn leaving Yukikaze operating alongside the destroyers Amastukaze and Teruzuki.[16]

In the early morning of the 13th, the force was en route when by 1:25, signs of enemy ships began to appear. A force of two heavy cruisers, three light cruisers, and eight destroyers had intercepted the force. By 1:48, Hiei and the destroyer Akatsuki illuminated the light cruiser USS Atlanta, starting the battle in a point blank range skirmish which resulted in both Akatsuki and Atlanta's sinking.[17] Yukikaze and Teruzuki quickly rushed into action (they were not joined by Amatsukaze, which was blocked by the battleships and instead broke off from formation to engage and sink the destroyer USS Barton).[18] With the US formation left a scattered mess due to poor command decisions by Admiral Callaghan, Yukikaze, along with Teruzuki (possibly joined by Nagara) engaged the lead American destroyer, USS Cushing. Cushing fired back at Yukikaze, and though no hits were scored machine gunfire killed a sailor on the deck, Yukikaze's first casualty.[19] However, Yukikaze helped to inflict far more damage than she received, a barrage of Japanese shell hits disabled Cushing's electrical power and guns, leaving her dead in the water and set aflame.[20] With Cushing rendered a defenseless floating wreck she was eventually abandoned at 2:30 and left to sink several hours later, losing 70 men in the process.[10][17][21]

 
Yukikaze underway off Sasebo Japan, January 1940
 
Yukikaze anchored alongside her sisterships Tanikaze and Hamakaze off Rabaul, July of 1943

With an enemy destroyer on her kill sheet, Yukikaze just before 2:00 spotted the destroyer USS Laffey, which had just escaped a point blank range duel with Hiei where she raked her with gunfire, wounding admiral Abe and killing much of his staff, and had just taken a 14-inch (356 mm) shell hit from Hiei to her amidships superstructure that caused little critical damage. Yukikaze fired her torpedo battery, one of which hit Laffey aft, blowing her stern clean off, breaking her keel, disabling all electrical power, and starting a massive fire.[Note 1] The abandon ship order was issued as the massive fire caused by Yukikaze's torpedo hit suddenly blew up Laffey's turret 4 magazines and sank her instantly with the loss of 59 men.[7][10][22][23][24]

As the destroyer USS O'Bannon swerved to evade the sinking Laffey, Yukikaze noticed her and briefly opened fire. No hits were scored, but a near miss detonated underneath the keel, temporarily disrupting O'Bannon's lighting and power.[25] Yukikaze continued on sweeping for targets, and near the end of the battle she managed to ambush the destroyer USS Sterett and hit the destroyer with eleven 5-inch (127 mm) shells. The damage destroyed Sterett's aft guns and torpedo tubes, set her on fire, killed 28 men and injured 13 others. However, all damage was inflicted above the waterline as Sterett limped away on her functional engine.[10][26]

However, during a point-blank range gunfight Hiei was crippled by a pair of 8-inch (203 mm) shell hits fired from the heavy cruiser USS San Francisco that disabled her steering gear.[27] Yukikaze attempted to assist the crippled Hiei, but aircraft from both Henderson Field and USS Enterprise attacked the vulnerable battleship, scoring several bomb hits which served as the final blow.[28] Yukikaze came under light air attacks, and through a bomb near miss cracked a boiler no hits were scored, and damage was only minor. Admiral Abe transferred his flag to Yukikaze, joined by a large quantity of Hiei survivors, before Yukikaze assisted in scuttling Hiei with torpedo hits.[23] Yukikaze then withdrew from the battle to both transfer Hiei survivors and escort damaged and crippled Japanese ships to Truk, arriving to their destination on the 18th.[21][29]

Operation Ke

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Yukikaze would escort the aircraft carrier Hiyō between December 5-10 and the carriers Zuihō and Zuikaku between January 18-23.[30] With the start of 1943, Japan had finally decided to cut their losses and retreat from Guadalcanal, allowing an allied takeover of the Island. From February 1-4, Yukikaze was one of the 20 destroyers that took part in both the first and second evacuations of Japanese troop. Yukikaze in particular transported the 17th army to safety. At a meeting at combined fleet headquarters, it was debated whether to use high speed motor boats for the final evacuation, but Captain Kanma, along with other destroyer commanders insisted that the evacuation was a job for their destroyers, even shouting together at some points. The Japanese command gave in, and Yukikaze took part in the final evacuation of Guadalcanal, February 7-8. The evacuation was completely successful, and allied attacks were very light, only sinking the destroyer Makigumo and the submarine I-1. The Japanese in total rescued 10,652 troops from Guadalcanal.[31]

During the evacuation, the destroyer Maikaze was moderately damaged by air attacks, prompting Yukikaze to escort her to Truk from February 10 to the 14th, before she escorted the transport ship Gokoku Maru from Rabaul to New Britain and back.[30]

Battle of the Bismarck Sea

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Main article: Battle of the Bismarck Sea

It wasn't long until Yukikaze felt the heat of action again. Lae was in desperate need of resupplyment in order to turn back General MacArthur's forces from New Guinea, and the 51st army division had just the heavy artillery to do that. A total of eight troop ships were sent out to reinforce Lae, escorted by eight destroyers, including Yukikaze. Transiting through the Bismarck Sea on March 1, allied reconnaissance planes spotted the force by 15:00. At the dawn of March 2, a squadron of B-17s attacked, sinking the troop ship Kyokusei Maru and damaging two more, prompting Yukikaze to assist in rescuing survivors. The next day, a second wave failed to sink any ships, but scattered the force, leaving the ships vulnerable, and when a third wave attacked, they sank a troop ship and the destroyer Arashio, and fatally wounded the destroyers Shirayuki and Tokitsukaze. Yukikaze removed Tokitsukaze's crew while others scuttled Shirayuki. Wave after wave of B-17s and B-25s attacked the force, and through heavy fighting all the remaining six troop ships were all sunk, alongside finishing off the crippled Tokitsukaze.[32] Yukikaze and the other destroyers attempted to rescue as many survivors as possible, as they did so a final wave of B-17s sank the destroyer Asashio with most of her crew.[33][34][35]

With the battle of the Bismarck Sea lasting from March 2-4, all eight troop ships and four of the eight destroyers were sunk. Yukikaze survived completely undamaged. Having rescued survivors from several sunken ships, Yukikaze ferried them to Rabaul, arriving at her destination on March 5th. Immediately afterwards, Yukikaze sailed for a troop transport run to Kolombangara, arriving on March 7. Throughout the rest of March and into April, Yukikaze took part in troop transport runs to Kolombangara, Rekata, Finschhafen, and Tuluvu. From May 3 to May 8, Yukikaze was drydocked and was refitted with radar and additional anti-aircraft guns, before taking part in a troop transport run to Nauru and back. [30]

Battle of Kolombangara

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Main article: Battle of Kolombangara
 
The collapsed bow of USS Honolulu following a torpedo hit from a mass torpedo attack that Yukikaze took part in.

On July 9, Yukikaze departed on another troop transport run to Kolombangara. Protecting four destroyer transports carrying some 1,200 ground troops, Yukikaze due to her radar was the lead ship in a flotilla of destroyers, leading the destroyers Hamakaze, Kiyonami, and Yūgure. The four destroyers operated alongside the Japanese flagship, the light cruiser Jintsū, as well as the elderly destroyer Mikazuki. [36][37]

The first three days of the run went relatively smoothly, but en route the force was spotted by allied coastwatchers, who relayed their information to allied intelligence. Hoping to ambush the Japanese ships, Admiral Ainsworth scrambled up a force consisting of the American light cruisers USS Honolulu and USS Saint Louis, alongside the New Zealand light cruiser HMNZS Leander, supported by 10 destroyers.

By 1:03 on the 13th, the allied ships were about 10,400 yards (9,500 meters) away from the Japanese task force, when in a critical moment, Jintsū illuminated the enemy ships with her searchlights. Honolulu, Saint Louis, and Leander all fired at Jintsū, drawing the complete attention of the allied ships and away from Yukikaze and the other destroyers. While Mikazuki stayed behind to assist Jintsū, Captain Kanma led his destroyers to partake in a torpedo attack on the allied ships, closing to 5,250 yards (4,800 meters) away from the enemy.[38] At 1:20, Yukikaze, Hamakaze, Kiyonami, and Yūgure each fired a full spread of torpedoes at the allied ships. It was four minutes later that a long lance torpedo (probably) from Yukikaze made a critical hit as it slammed into Leander amidships as she was attempting to complete a turn.[10][39] Yukikaze's hit killed 23 sailors and forced Leander to retire from the battle with severe damage. Leander was damaged so badly she could not be repaired in time to take further part in WW2, and on top of that never served as a New Zealand warship again, being decommissioned in May of 1944 and transferred to the British Navy in September of 1945. [40][41][42]

In turn, the Japanese ships failed to save Jintsū. After being shelled into a floating wreck by gunfire mostly from Honolulu and Saint Louis, American destroyers closed to point blank range to deliver the final blow. At least one torpedo probably from USS Taylor made its mark, breaking Jintsū in half and finally finishing the cruiser off.[43] This did not stop Kanma from ordering another torpedo strike against the allied ships. In just 18 minutes, the torpedo tubes on all four destroyers were fully reloaded and ready to fire. Yukikaze led the other destroyers to another torpedo attack, and by 1:50 had closed to around 4,900 yards (4,500 meters), Every allied ship that could fire their guns focused their attention on Yukikaze, which took some light damage from straddles and near misses. However, much to the amazement of Hamakaze's crew, Yukikaze was not directly hit by even a single shell. The destroyers promptly fired their torpedoes. While the scorers of the following hits are rather ambiguous, at 2:18 the first and second torpedo hits crippled Honolulu. One landed aft but was a dud, but the other landed forward and blew the cruiser's bow clean off. A third torpedo hit badly damaged Saint Louis, twisting her bow to the port side. A fourth and final torpedo fatally damaged the destroyer USS Gwin. The torpedo destroyed her engine room and caused significant flooding, forcing Gwin to be scuttled.[Note 2][40][44]

While the battle was a costly victory with the loss of Jintsū, it was a victory none the less. Alongside the numerous allied ships sunk or critically damaged, the destroyer transports made it to Kolombangara and unloaded all 1,200 soldiers to reinforce the area. On July 19, Yukikaze would take part in another troop transport run to Kolombangara, where en route both Kiyonami and Yūgure were sunk by land-based bombers the next day.[45] Yukikaze saw another troop transport run to Kolombangara on the 23rd before departing from Rabaul to Truk, then escorting Japanese ships to Kure. From August to September 3, Yukikaze would undergo a major refit, which removed her aft superfiring 5-inch (127 mm) gun turret and replaced it with a pair of triple 25 mm machine guns, with the addition of more anti-aircraft guns and updated type 22 and type 13 radar. Upon refit, Yukikaze would spend the rest of 1943 taking part in various escorting duties. On December 10, Ryokichi Kanma was relieved of duty and replaced with captain Terauchi Masamichi.[46]

Philippine Campaign

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Main Article: Philippines campaign (1944–1945)

 
A view of Yukikaze's plot bridge, May 1947

Yukikaze would escort escorted high speed tankers from Moji to Singapore from the 11th to 20th of January 1944, during which her consort, the Amatsukaze, was damaged beyond repair by a torpedo fired from the submarine USS Redfin.[47] She then immediately afterwards escorted the light carrier Chitose and convoy HI-32 back to Moji, before escorting Chitose to Saipan and Yokosuka, then escorting the light carrier Zuihō to Guam throughout February and March. From April 20th to May 1st, Yukikaze escorted Japanese warships from Kure to Lingga. On May 22nd, Yukikaze scraped her hull on a reef while patrolling off Tawitawi, cutting her speed to 25 knots, which was more damage than any enemy forces had managed to inflict throughout her career.[46]

Upon being repaired, Yukikaze would be tasked to take part in Operation A-Go, a planned decisive battle to protect the Philippines from allied liberation. With the fall of most of the Soloman Islands territories, the Philippines acted as a crucial supply line between mainland Japan and the Dutch East Indies. If the Philippines were taken over, it would sever the supply line and render Japan unable to function as a wartime economy.[48] Yukikaze would see a major role escorting crucial oil tankers from submarine attack to operate with the Japanese ships, otherwise the force wouldn't have enough fuel to operate. This still enraged captain Masamichi, since his ship was relegated to mere escorting duties, reportedly stating he would rather have Yukikaze sunk in battle than not see combat.[49]

In the afternoon of June 17, Yukikaze would fulfill her role when she protected the tankers from the submarine USS Cavalla. Two days later, the Japanese aircraft carriers launching raids on American warships, but only managed to damage the battleship USS South Dakota. In turn, Yukikaze's crew would witness the battle turn into a crippling defeat for the Japanese navy as submarine attacks sank the new armored aircraft carrier Taihō and the Kido Butai veteran aircraft carrier Shōkaku, the latter having been sunk by Cavalla's torpedoes. American aircraft from USS Belleau Wood on the 20th sank the aircraft carrier Hiyō, before planes from USS Wasp attacked Yukikaze's group, fatally damaging the oil tankers Gen'yo Maru and Seiyo Maru. Yukikaze removed Seiyo Maru's crew before scuttling her, while others did the same to Gen'yo Maru. Alongside the multiple Japanese ships sunk, American forces destroyed over 400 Japanese aircraft. The battle effectively destroyed Japan's carrier fleet as a fighting force.[7][49]

Having survived the battle of the completely undamaged, Yukikaze would escort the surviving oil tankers to Kure, arriving to their destination on July 2, before being drydocked from July 5 to August 15. She would not leave Kure until September 25th, when she escorted the battleships Fusō and Yamashiro to Lingga.

Battle of Leyte Gulf

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Main article: Battle of Leyte Gulf

On October 20, Yukikaze arrived at Brunei to meet up with the rest of the Japanese fleet intended to take part in Operation Sho-Go. Due to the destruction of Japan's carrier fleet, their plan was to use their mostly intact surface fleet to engage and sink American troop convoys heading towards the Leyte Gulf and whatever escorts protected them, using the remnants of Japan's carrier task force armed with Kamikaze suicide bombers to distract the large naval fleets led by Admiral Halsey. Yukikaze departed on 22nd with Admiral Kurita's centerforce, consisting of Japan's "super battleships", Yamato and Musashi, the largest and most powerful battleships ever built, alongside the older but capable battleships Nagato, Kongō, and Haruna, escorted by 10 heavy cruisers, 2 light cruisers, and 15 destroyers including Yukikaze.[50]

 
Japanese ships under air attacks during the battle of the Sibuyan Sea.

On the 23rd, the plan would immediately begin to fall apart as the opening stages of the battle of Leyte Gulf began. Torpedo attacks from the submarines USS Darter and USS Dace sank the heavy cruisers Atago and Maya and damaged the heavy cruiser Takao beyond repair, forcing her out of the battle alongside the destroyers Naganami and Asashimo to escort her.[51] On the 24th, the centerforce came under the much fear US carrier attacks in what would become known as the battle of the Sibuyan Sea. Yukikaze got off undamaged, but a number of ships were damaged, notably the heavy cruiser Myōkō was forced to withdraw from the battle due to an aerial torpedo hit, taking the destroyers Hamakaze and Kiyoshimo with her for protection.[52] A low number of Japanese ships were actually sunk, but that was because the air attacks were mostly focused on Musashi. Over a seven hour long battle, Musashi was hit by a minimum of 17 bombs and 19-20 torpedoes, leaving her dead in the water and adrift. It would take a further two hours for the crippled Musashi to slip beneath the waves and sink by the bow.[53][54]

Battle off Samar

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Admiral Kurita ordered a retreat from the battle. However, two hours later, he revealed the retreat to be false and ordered the center force to steam back to the battle. The false retreat successfully fooled the American forces into believing the centerforce was well out of the battle, and following the annihilation of Admiral Nishimura's Southern Force at the battle of the Surigao Strait, when US forces discovered the decoy carrier force, Admiral Halsey took his ships to engaged it, leaving the troop convoys vulnerable. By the morning of the 25th, the centerforce was diminished to four battlships, six heavy cruisers, two light cruisers, and eleven destroyers. Yukikaze was left operating alongside the destroyers Isokaze, Urakaze, and Nowaki, led by the light cruiser Yahagi.[55] Just before 6:00, the force would come into contact with Taffy 3, a group of six small escort carriers, three destroyers, and four destroyer escorts. Yamato fired the first salvos into the battle, followed by the other large warships, opening up the battle off Samar. Yukikaze would take part in a torpedo attack on the escort carriers USS Kalinin Bay and USS Saint Lo. However, none of the torpedoes made their mark. In particular, a Japanese torpedo was dangerously close to hitting Kalinin Bay when US fighters intercepted and destroyed it with machine gunfire.[56]

Yukikaze and the other destroyers would then notice the limping destroyer USS Johnston. By that point, Johnston had already been crippled by three 18.1-inch (46 cm) shells and three 6.1-inch (155 mm) shells from Yamato, being left with only two functional 5-inch (127 mm) guns and her top speed was cut to 17 knots. The five ships engaged Johnston.[Note 3][55] Yahagi scored hits that disabled Johnston's turret 2 and started a fire that forced the evacuation of the bridge before being turned away by attacking aircraft. Yukikaze, Isokaze, Urakaze, and Nowaki blasted Johnston, disabling her only remaining gun and her remaining engines, leaving her dead in the water, destroying her radio control room and main mast, and setting the ship aflame. Under sustained gunfire, Johnston lost all remaining structural integrity she had and split in two where she was hit by an 18.1-inch (46 cm) shell from Yamato earlier in the battle.[57][58] As Johnston sank, Yukikaze closed to point blank range, not for an attack, but to salute the valiant destroyer for her bravery, with Captain Masamichi personally paying his respects to the US sailors and a large number of the crew doing the same. This would prove to be the last time Yukikaze engaged enemy ships during her service in the Japanese navy.[59][60]

Throughout the battle, air attacks sank the heavy cruisers Chōkai, Chikuma, and Suzuya, as well as damaging other ships. Combined with the previous losses faced during the battle, Admiral Kurita finally lost his nerve. Believing he had sunk several fleet carriers and cruisers, he ordered a retreat from the battle, leaving the troop convoys untouched. Throughout the next few days, further air attacks sank the light cruiser Noshiro and several destroyers, but Yukikaze came out without being hit. By the 27th, the battle of Leyte Gulf was over, and on the 28th, what remained of Kurita's centerforce managed to return to Brunei, during which Yukikaze was refueled by Haruna.[7][61]

 
Yukikaze's bridge, photographed in May 1947.

Final months of the war

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While stuck in Brunei, the Japanese fleet would come under air attacks, during which strafing from fighters killed one of Yukikaze's machine gunners, prompting her crew to hold a funeral on the deck.[62] As American forces slowly but successfully liberated the Philippines, the Japanese ships desperately needed to evacuate the increasingly dangerous area. In November, Japanese warships would begin to flee the area, culminating on the 16th when the main fleet left Brunai permanently and set sail to Kure, with Yukikaze being assigned to protect the capital ships. On the 22nd, both the battleship Kongō and the destroyer Urakaze were torpedoed and sunk by the submarine USS Sealion, but Yukikaze and the rest of the force successfully arrived at Kure on the 24th. The next day, Yukikaze escorted the battleship Nagato to Yokosuka.

Escorting the Shinano

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Upon arriving at Yokosuka, Yukikaze would be assigned to an important mission. The Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano was one of Japan's largest warships, having been converted from a Yamato class battleship. Several days earlier, she was spotted by a B-29 bomber, and due to Japan fearing follow up air attacks, Shinano was commissioned before being fully fitted out, most crucially her watertight doors were either not installed correctly or not installed at all. Yukikaze, along with Isokaze and Hamakaze were tasked with escorting Shinano from Yokosuka to Kure. The four ships departed on the 28th. However, en route just after 3:00 on the 29th, signs of an enemy submarine began to appear. Isokaze signaled to Yukikaze to defense Shinano, but she never received the message. Fearing a wolf pack, Shinano undertook maneuvers, which ironically showed a full broadside to the lone submarine USS Archerfish. which fired a spread of torpedoes, four of which made their mark. Admiral Abe[Note 4] initially ignored the damage, given how many hits her half sistership Musashi took before sinking, but over several hours as it became clear that fatal damage was inflicted due to the incomplete nature of the ship, it was too late. Even if Shinano was complete, according to some accounts in the presence of flooding pumps and other damage control equipment, whatever crew Shinano had instead resorted to forming bucket chains throughout the ship. By 11:00, Shinano fully capsized and sank, with Yukikaze picking up several survivors.[54][63][64]

Upon Shinano's sinking, Yukikaze retreated to Moji. She would remain there until December 29, when she escorted a troop convoy to Formosa and back. From January to March of 1945, Yukikaze would take part in a number of training exercises. During this time, the Shigure, the destroyer sent to replace Yukikaze on escorting duties, was torpedoed and sunk by the submarine USS Blackfin.[65][66]

Operation Ten Go

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Yukikaze under air attacks during Operation Ten Go, leading the battleship Yamato which can be seen listing heavily to port

In April of 1945, an invasion of Okinawa, Japan's last defensible position besides the mainland itself was imminent. While the army was willing to do anything it could to defend Okinawa, the navy was more concerned with reserving what few ships it had for the eventual battle on mainland Japan. However, Emperor Hirohito reportedly questioned the navy's lack of action to defend Okinawa, and thus a plan was scrambled up. The navy would send out battleship Yamato on a mission to beach herself on the Island and act as a stationary unsinkable gun fortress to destroy allied landing convoys. In turn, an escort was quickly scrambled up to protect Yamato. The plan was named Operation Ten-Go, becoming part of the overall battle of Okinawa.[67]

Yukikaze would be one of nine escorts tasked with defending Yamato from any potential allied attacks. She would be reunited with a number of ships she fought with in previous battles, such as the light cruiser Yahagi and the destroyers Hamakaze, Isokaze, and Asashimo. She would also serve with other warships for the first (and last) time, such as the destroyers Hatsushimo, Kasumi, Fuyutsuki, and Suzutsuki. On April 6, the force departed Tokuyama. Just a few hours later, they were spotted by US submarines, which couldn't attack due to the force's high cruising speed, but still radioed the Japanese ship's location. Throughout the rest of the day and into the 7th, the force was trailed by Catalina floatplanes.[68]

By 11:30, the Japanese ships would be attacked by a total of 386 aircraft from US aircraft carriers. Planes from USS San Jacinto quickly sank Asashimo, which was suffering engine trouble, before sinking Hamakaze as well.[69][70] Further air attacks quickly overpowered and sank Yahagi, and as Isokaze attempted to assist her, she too was fatally damaged by bomb hits. By that point, Isokaze was the last Kagerō class destroyer still afloat besides Yukikaze.[Note 5] Dive bombers then fatally damaged Kasumi, while torpedo bombers crippled Suzutuki with a torpedo that blew off her bow. With most of her escorts either sunk or out of the fight, the remaining air attacks all focused on Yamato, which was already badly damaged. Over a three hour long battle, Yamato took at least 7 bombs and 11-13 torpedoes before she sank in a massive magazine explosion, sinking faster to less hits than Musashi due to being attacked at the port side only as opposed to any angle. For her part, Yukikaze survived the battle with only strafing damage, killing 3 sailors and injuring 15 others. Yukikaze first rescued survivors from Yamato. Afterwards, Yukikaze approached the floating wreck that was Isokaze, and removed her crew before scuttling the last of her sisterships, while others did the same to Kasumi.[7][54][68][71]

 
Photograph of the massive mushroom cloud after battleship Yamato exploded and sank. Yukikaze, Hatsushimo, and Fuyutsuki can be seen circling the area.

Yukikaze steamed to the Sasebo after the ordeal was over, where she dropped off Yamato and Isokaze survivors. Throughout the rest of April and into May, Yukikaze was limited to patrol duties, and eventually with Japan's oil reserves almost entirely depleted, Yukikaze could not even set sail and was stuck in port without fuel. On May 30, carrier aircraft attacked Maizuru harbor, and while no direct hits were scored on Yukikaze, shrapnel damaged killed one sailor and injured 20 others to varying degrees. Shortly afterwards, Yukikaze was given enough fuel to escape Maizuru along with Hatsushimo. During the journey, Hatsushimo struck a mine and was forced to run aground, but Yukikaze successfully arrived at Ōjima. Upon arrival, Yukikaze was camouflaged, and spent the rest of the war anchored on security duties. On July 30th, Yukikaze took further minor damage from aircraft strafing, killing one man and injuring several others.[72]

As a result of participating in and surviving some of the most dangerous battles the IJN had fought while avoiding any major damage whatsoever, never being hit by a single naval shell, torpedo, or air dropped bomb, Yukikaze is called "the unsinkable ship" and "the miracle ship". Yukikaze took part in more than 10 major battles, and more than 100 escort missions and resupply transport missions during World War II.[73]

End of the war

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Yukikaze anchored in Kure following the WW2's end during her service transporting Japanese prisoners of war.

After the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, on August 15 1945, Emperor Hirohito announced that the Japanese would unconditionally surrender to allied forces. Upon the announcement, Yukikaze's camouflage was removed, and her crew prepared for the war's end, which included secret documents on the ship being destroyed. A day after the former Japanese surrender in Tokyo Bay, she was inspected by allied intelligence. Yukikaze was stripped of all her guns, and like many surviving Japanese warships she would be used to transport Japanese prisoners of war. Yukikaze's name was written in English on both sides of the hull. [74]

ROCS Dan Yang

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Yukikaze alongside escort ship Shisaka at Tokyo after they were used to repatriate Japanese nationals from overseas, May 1947
 
Dan Yang in ROC Navy service

On 6 July 1947, Yukikaze was transferred to the Republic of China as a war reparation, where she was renamed Dan Yang (丹陽 DD-12).[75] All destroyers were named after Yang regardless of country of origin.[1]

Dan Yang served as flagship of the Republic of China Navy.[75] It was an unarmed training vessel until 1952. In 1953, it was fitted with Type 89 12.7 cm/40 dual mounted guns, in addition to the Type 98 10cm/65 dual mounted guns already in use. In 1956, Dan Yang had all the Japanese armaments removed and replaced with three open air mounted 5"/38 caliber guns, 3"/50 caliber guns replaced the torpedo tubes, Bofors 40 mm guns, and newer depth charge launchers. The Republic of China Navy had no use for the original torpedo tubes as they did not have access to the appropriate armaments.

She is notable for visiting Manila where 50,000 overseas Chinese visited her in August 1953. Dan Yang's service included patrolling the South China Sea and intercepting incoming ships carrying wartime materials into Shanghai. On 4 October 1953, she captured the Polish civilian oil tanker Praca at 21°06'N 122°48'E in the West Pacific Ocean, 125 sea miles southeast of Taiwan.[76] On 12 May 1954, she bombarded and captured another Polish civilian freighter Prezydent Gottwald with machinery and medicines at 23°45'N 128°35'E.[77] On 23 June 1954, she captured the civilian oil tanker Tuapse of the Soviet Union carrying kerosene eastbound at 19°35′00″N 120°39′00″E / 19.58333°N 120.65000°E / 19.58333; 120.65000 in the high sea of Balintang Channel near Philippines[78] All ships were confiscated into the ROC Navy list, and the crews were either released, executed or detained for various time frames up to 35 years in captivity till 1988.[79][80] She also saw action along the Taiwan Strait in a supporting role as she was one of the few ships with long range guns. However, the arrival of surplus US destroyers entering service put the famous destroyer that once served as flagship into retirement, and she was scrapped in 1970 after being damaged beyond repair in a typhoon in 1969.[81]

In Japan, there was a campaign to have her returned to Japan from Taiwan for preservation as a museum ship since she was a symbol of longevity. Her rudder and one of her anchors were repatriated to the Japan Navy Academy Museum as a good will gesture.[81]

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Yukikaze was prominently featured in the final act of the 2023 Japanese movie "Godzilla Minus One" and played a key role in the finale and the defeat of Godzilla, being one of four destroyers to catch the monster in a trap (alongside Hibiki, Yūkaze, and Keyaki).[39]

While Yukikaze and Hibiki both play equal roles in defeating Godzilla, Yukikaze is the main focus of the battle due to being sailed by several main characters, and her fame in Japanese pop culture.[39]

Notes

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  1. ^ Accounts of the battle overly reliant on American records sometimes differ on which destroyers engaged USS Laffey and the scorer of the fatal torpedo hit, but Japanese records make it clear Yukikaze and Teruzuki engaged Laffey, with Yukikaze (probably) scoring the torpedo hit.
  2. ^ Sources differ on whether Gwin immediately exploded and sank or was fatally damaged and needed to be scuttled, but far more sources support the idea that Gwin was scuttled rather than sinking naturally to battle damage.
  3. ^ American accounts of the battle usually list six destroyers operating alongside Yahagi, but Japanese records only credit Yukikaze, Isokaze, Urakaze, and Nowaki for engaging Johnston.
  4. ^ Admiral Tishio Abe is not to be confused with Admiral Hiroaki Abe, commander of Hiei during the naval battle of Guadalcanal.
  5. ^ The still unrepaired Amatsukaze was eventually scuttled on April 10, but had run aground a day prior to Isokaze's sinking after being bombed by land-based aircraft.

Citations

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  1. ^ a b Navy Memorial Digital Archives - Yang Class Destroyers (1996). "丹陽軍籃" [ROCS Dan-Yang] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Academia Sinica Center for Digital Cultures. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  2. ^ 程嘉文; 林以君 (2021-06-22). "【不死鳥丹陽艦／下】曾是海軍狀元分發首選 退役被拆零件分送台日兩地遙望" [[ROCS Danyang the Phoenix /Part 2] Once Retired from the Top Choice for the Navy Personnel Assignment, her Components were Dismantled and Distributed to Taiwan and Japan] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: United Daily News. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  3. ^ Chesneau, p. 194
  4. ^ a b Whitley, pp. 200–01
  5. ^ Chihaya/Abe (1972) p 8
  6. ^ Jentschura, Jung & Mickel, p. 148
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Long Lancers". www.combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 2023-04-23.
  8. ^ Walker (2024) p 52
  9. ^ Walker (2024) p 66-67
  10. ^ a b c d e 主要兵器, 大日本帝国軍 (2018-02-04). "雪風【陽炎型駆逐艦 八番艦】その1Yukikaze【Kagero-class destroyer】". 大日本帝国軍 主要兵器 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-10-02.
  11. ^ Chihaya\Abe (1972) p 10
  12. ^ "Submarine Report - Vol. 1, War Damage Report No. 58". public1.nhhcaws.local. Retrieved 2024-06-17.
  13. ^ "Enterprise versus Japan". Battle 360°. Episode 2 "Vengeance at Midway". 2008, History Channel.
  14. ^ Walker (2024) p 110
  15. ^ "Imperial Flattops". www.combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 2024-06-12.
  16. ^ Hara (1961) p 137-140
  17. ^ a b "Naval Battle of Guadalcanal (Third Battle of the Solomon Sea)".
  18. ^ Hara (1961) p 140-145
  19. ^ Walker (2024) p 132
  20. ^ Frank, Richard (January 1, 1992). Guadalcanal: The Definitive Account of the Landmark Battle (Illustrated ed.). Penguin Books. p. 441. ISBN 978-0-14-016561-6.
  21. ^ a b "Long Lancers". www.combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 2023-04-23.
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  23. ^ a b Chihaya/Abe (1972) p 11
  24. ^ "The Wreck of the USS Laffey". The Wreck of the USS Laffey. Retrieved 2024-07-11.
  25. ^ Morison (1949) p 246
  26. ^ Hornfischer (2012) Chapter 28
  27. ^ Stille (2008), p. 20
  28. ^ "Enterprise versus Japan". Battle 360°. Episode 5. 29 March 2008. History Channel.
  29. ^ Hara, Tameichi (1961). Japanese destroyer Captain. Ballantine Books. pp. Chapter 23. ISBN 0-345-02522-9.
  30. ^ a b c "Long Lancers". www.combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 2023-04-23.
  31. ^ Walker (2024) p 135-136
  32. ^ "Destroyer TOKITSUKAZE - Operational Diary(put title here)". www.combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 2024-07-11.
  33. ^ Walker (2024) p `140-146
  34. ^ Morison Volume 5 (1949) p 58-65
  35. ^ "Long Lancers". www.combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 2024-07-11.
  36. ^ Morison volume 6 (1952) p 181
  37. ^ Walker (2024) p 152
  38. ^ "Long Lancers". www.combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 2024-07-11.
  39. ^ a b c "『ゴジラ-1.0』で蘇った「奇跡の駆逐艦」大戦中は運が良かった？ 戦後は多くの人を祖国へ". 乗りものニュース (in Japanese). 2023-12-17. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
  40. ^ a b Walker (2024) p 152-158
  41. ^ Morison Volume 6 (1952) p 190
  42. ^ "Last days | NZ History". nzhistory.govt.nz. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
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  45. ^ Walker (2024) p 163
  46. ^ a b "Long Lancers". www.combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 2023-04-23.
  47. ^ "(put title here)". www.combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 2024-07-01.
  48. ^ Dogfights: U.S. Beats Back the Japanese Navy (S1, E8)
  49. ^ a b Walker (2024) p 175-181
  50. ^ Morison (1958) p 160
  51. ^ Morison (1958) p 170-172
  52. ^ "Long Lancers". www.combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 2024-07-02.
  53. ^ "Imperial Battleships". www.combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 2024-07-02.
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  55. ^ a b Chihaya/Abe (1972) p 18
  56. ^ Walker (2024) p 206-207
  57. ^ "Johnston I (DD-557)". public1.nhhcaws.local. Retrieved 2024-07-02.
  58. ^ History X (2022-11-01). Newly Released Computer Model of USS Johnston Shipwreck Displays Evidence of Explosions. Retrieved 2024-07-02 – via YouTube.
  59. ^ Morrison (1958) p 273-274
  60. ^ "In Harms Way". www.bosamar.com. Retrieved 2024-07-02.
  61. ^ Walker (2024) p 210-211
  62. ^ Walker (2024) p 212
  63. ^ "Imperial Flattops". www.combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 2024-07-04.
  64. ^ encyclopedia, naval (2022-09-10). "IJN Shinano (1944)". naval encyclopedia. Retrieved 2024-07-11.
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  66. ^ Walker (2024) p 243
  67. ^ Walker (2024) p 234-241
  68. ^ a b Walker (2024) p 242-253
  69. ^ "Long Lancers". www.combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 2024-07-04.
  70. ^ "USS San Jacinto (CVL-30) Launching". 2007-06-29. Archived from the original on 2007-06-29. Retrieved 2024-07-04.
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  72. ^ Walker (2024) p 154-162
  73. ^ 豊田穣 (2004). 雪風ハ沈マズ 強運駆逐艦栄光の生涯. 光人社NF文庫新装版. ISBN 978-4-7698-2027-7.
  74. ^ Walker (2024) p 263-265
  75. ^ a b 程嘉文 (2021-06-22). "【不死鳥丹陽艦／上】日本戰敗雪風號成賠償艦 輾轉來台成當時台灣最大軍艦" [[ROCS Danyang the Phoenix /Part 1] As a War Compensation after Japan Defeated in WWII, Yukikaze Became the Largest Warship in Taiwan] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: United Daily News. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  76. ^ Li Zhen-hsiang (2009-01-08). "Praca" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taiwan News Weekly, ver. 376, Taiwan Association for Truth and Reconciliation.
  77. ^ Lin Hong-yi (2009). "Chapter 4，1953-1960" (PDF). 《封鎖大陸沿海──中華民國政府的「關閉政策」，1949-1960》 (M.D. thesis) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). National Chengchi University.
  78. ^ Andrey Maximov (2020-08-18). "Provocation - In 1954, the Taiwanese Navy captured the Soviet tanker "Tuapse"" (in Russian). Versia.
  79. ^ Prof. Sergey Vradiy (2020-02-20). ""Tuapse" Oil Tanker Episode in the History of Taiwan-Russia Relations" (PDF). Taiwan Fellowship, Center for Chinese Studies, National Central Library. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-10-06. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
  80. ^ Oleg Bulovich. "Танкер "Туапсе", или возвращение из тайваньского плена" (in Russian). Odessa, Ukraine: Odesskiy.
  81. ^ a b 程嘉文; 林以君 (2021-06-22). "【不死鳥丹陽艦／下】曾是海軍狀元分發首選 退役被拆零件分送台日兩地遙望" [[ROCS Danyang the Phoenix /Part 2] Once Retired from the Top Choice for the Navy Personnel Assignment, her Components were Dismantled and Distributed to Taiwan and Japan] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: United Daily News. Retrieved 3 January 2022.

Readings

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