Jamil al-Assad (Arabic: جميل الأسد; 1933 – 15 December 2004) was a younger brother of the late Syrian president Hafez al-Assad, and the uncle of present Syrian leader Bashar al-Assad. He served in the Parliament of Syria, called the majlis ash-sha'b from 1971 until his death.[1] He was also commander of a minor militia.
Jamil al Assad | |
|---|---|
جميل الأسد | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1933 |
| Died | 15 December 2004 (aged 70–71) |
| Nationality | Syrian |
| Relations | Bahija al-Assad (sister) Muhammad al-Assad (brother) Bahjat al-Assad (brother) Hafez al-Assad (brother) Rifaat al-Assad (brother) Yarub Ghazi (son-in-law) |
| Children | Mundhir Fawaz Falak |
| Occupation | Politician |
Activities
editWhile both his brothers, Hafez and Rifat Assad, enforced secularism, Jamil was said to be deeply religious.[2] During the 1980s, Jamil actively supported conversion to Shiism in the Latakia Mountains, especially among members of the Alawite community.[3] He sent groups of Alawites to study Twelver Shiism in Iran.[3] They made the Shiite creed common among their fellow Alawites upon their return to Syria. Jamil also built husayniyyas in the mountains, where before there had been only Alawite shrines.[3] In order to make Shiism more acceptable there he appointed a Shiite sheikh to head the Alawite al-Zahra Mosque in the city of Baniyas.[3] He also allowed Iranian officials to enter Syria to realize conversions to Shiism.[4]
In the 1980s, he set up a Latakia-based foundation (al-Murtada), which helped fellow Alawite Muslims to go on the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. The foundation is also said to have tried to convert Sunni Muslim bedouins to the Alawi faith, angering the secular ruling Baath Party in Syria.[1] Whether true or not, the rumours caused friction with the majority Sunni population. Al-Murtada is also said to have had a militia wing, made up of Alawi Muslims, which was armed and equipped by Rifaat al-Assad's powerful internal security division, the Defense Companies.[2] These gangs, called shabiha, involved in all kinds of mafia-style violence and corruption.[5] Al-Murtada was banned by Hafez al-Assad in 1983.[1] On the other hand, shabiha still exists.[5]
Jamil's son Fawaz headed commando forces stationed in Latakia that were not under the command of the regular armed forces, but they were constructed as counterweights to the power of the regular military.[6] Jamil al-Assad was put under house arrest in 1981 after an unsuccessful challenge to his brother, Hafez al-Assad.[6]
When Rifaat Assad attempted in 1984 to exploit the failing health of Hafez, using the Defense Companies to stage a failed coup d'état, this cast doubt on Jamil in the eyes of Hafez. Some of his assets are reported to have been confiscated in retaliation, but there is little doubt he remained a very wealthy man.
Jamil was reported to have been sent into exile due to accusations of corruption to France at the end of 1996 or at the beginning of 1997.[7]
Jamil headed the national security committee in Parliament later in his life.[1] Unlike Rifat, Jamil openly supported the succession to the presidency of Hafez al-Assad's son, Bashar. Jamil and his son, Fawaz, had quite a bit of real estate and commercial enterprises.[2] Jamil reportedly spent most of later years in Europe. However, unlike Rifaat al-Assad, he was permitted to return periodically to Syria at his leisure. He was present at Hafez's funeral.[2]
Personal life
editHis sons are Mundhir (born 1961) and Fawaz (born 1962). One of his daughter married to Yarob Kanaan, a son of Ghazi Kanaan.[8]
His eldest son, Mundhir, was arrested in 2005 at the Beirut Airport while entering Lebanon.[8] He was reported to have been involved in arms smuggling to the Iraqi insurgents.[9] In 2011, the EU placed sanctions on him for "being involved with the Shabbiha militia in the repression of protestors during the Syrian Civil War".[10] The same sanctions were also placed on Fawaz Assad in 2011 by the European Union for "his involvement with the Shabbiha militia in the repression of protesters during the Syrian Civil War".[10]
Death
editJamil al-Assad died on 15 December 2004 at age 70 at a French hospital where he had been treated for about a month.[1][11][12]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e "Jamil Assad, 71; Uncle of Syrian President Bashar Assad Was in Parliament". Los Angeles Times. 17 December 2004. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ a b c d Gambill, Gary C. (1 July 2000). "The Assad Family and the Succession in Syria". Middle East Intelligence Bulletin. 2 (6). Retrieved 15 June 2012.
- ^ a b c d Sindawi, Khalid (2009). "The Shiite Turn in Syria" (PDF). Current Trends in Islamist Ideology. 8: 82–107. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ Kabbani, Rana (21 November 2011). "After Syria's year of revolution, the end of Assad is in sight". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ a b Abbas, Hassan (19 October 2011). "The Dynamics of the Uprising in Syria" (PDF). Jadaliyya. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
- ^ a b Collelo, Thomas (1987). Syria: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ "Syria: Date of Jamil al-Assad's departure for France, and whether he maintains influence over the maritime transport business in Latakia". UNHCR. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ a b Bar, Shmuel (2006). "Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview" (PDF). Institute for Policy and Strategy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ Landis, Joshua. "An Asad Arrested for Smuggling Weapons". Syria Comment. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
- ^ a b "Council implementing decision 2011/302/CFSP of 23 May 2011 implementing Decision 2011/273/CFSP concerning restrictive measures against Syria". Official Journal of the European Union. L136/91. 24 May 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
- ^ "Jamil al-Assad dies at 71". Arabic News.com. 16 December 2004. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ "Jamil Assad, 71, the youngest brother of the late Syrian..." Chicago Tribune. 19 December 2004. Retrieved 1 July 2012.