"Ja, vi elsker dette landet" (Norwegian: [ˈjɑː viː ˈɛ̂lskə ˈɖɛ̂tːə ˈlɑ̀nːə] ; lit. 'Yes, We Love This Country') is the national anthem of Norway. Originally a patriotic song, it became commonly regarded as the de facto national anthem of Norway in the early 20th century after being used alongside "Sønner av Norge" since the 1860s. It was officially adopted in 2019.[1]
| English: 'Yes, We Love This Country' | |
|---|---|
 Sheet music with the coat of arms faded in the background | |
National anthem of Norway | |
| Lyrics | Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, c. 1859–1868 |
| Music | Rikard Nordraak, 1864 |
| Published | 17 May 1864 |
| Adopted | 1864 (de facto) 11 December 2019 (de jure) |
| Preceded by | "Sønner av Norge" |
| Audio sample | |
U.S. Navy Band instrumental version (one verse) | |
The lyrics were written by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson between 1859 and 1868, and the melody was written by his cousin Rikard Nordraak sometime during the winter of 1863 to 1864. It was first performed publicly on 17 May 1864 in connection with the 50th anniversary of the constitution. Usually, only the first and the last two verses are sung, with the first being by far the most common.
History
editUntil the mid-1860s, the songs "Sønner av Norge" and "Norges Skaal" were commonly regarded as the Norwegian national anthems, with "Sønner av Norge" being most recognised. "Ja, vi elsker dette landet" gradually came to be recognised as a national anthem from the mid-1860s. Until the early 20th century, however, both "Sønner av Norge" and "Ja, vi elsker" were used, with "Sønner av Norge" preferred in official situations. In 2011, the song "Mitt lille land" featured prominently in the memorial ceremonies following the 2011 Norway attacks and was described by the media as "a new national anthem".[2] On Norwegian Constitution Day in 2012, NRK opened its broadcast with "Mitt lille land".[3]
Background
editNorway did not have an official national anthem until 11 December 2019, but over the last 200 years, several songs have been commonly regarded as de facto national anthems. At times, multiple songs have enjoyed this status simultaneously. "Ja, vi elsker dette landet" is now most often recognised as the anthem, but until the early 20th century, "Sønner av Norge" occupied this position.
In the early 19th century, the song "Norges Skaal" was regarded by many as a de facto national anthem. From 1820, the song "Norsk Nationalsang" (lit. 'Norwegian National Song') became the most recognised national anthem. It came to be known as "Sønner av Norge" (originally "Sønner af Norge") after its first stanza. "Sønner av Norge" was written by Henrik Anker Bjerregaard (1792–1842) and the melody by Christian Blom (1782–1861) after the Royal Norwegian Society for Development had announced a competition to write a national anthem for Norway in 1819. "Norsk Nationalsang" ("Sønner af Norge") was announced as the winner.[4][5][6] "Blant alle Lande" (also called "Nordmandssang") by Ole Vig has also been used as a national anthem. Henrik Wergeland also wrote an anthem originally titled "Smaagutternes Nationalsang" (lit. 'The Young Boys' National Song') and commonly known as "Vi ere en Nation, vi med".
"Ja, vi elsker dette landet" was written by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson and composed by Rikard Nordraak between 1859 and 1868, and gradually came to replace "Sønner av Norge" as the most recognised national anthem. Until the early 20th century, "Sønner av Norge" and "Ja, vi elsker dette landet" were used alongside each other, but "Sønner av Norge" was preferred in official settings. Since 2011, the anthem "Mitt lille land" by Ole Paus has also been called a "new national anthem" and notably featured in the memorial ceremonies following the 2011 Norway attacks.[7] On Norwegian Constitution Day in 2012, the NRK broadcast opened with "Mitt lille land."[8]
In addition, Norway has an unofficial royal anthem, "Kongesangen", based on "God Save the King" and written in its modern form by Gustav Jensen. The psalm "Gud signe vårt dyre fedreland", written by Elias Blix and with a melody by Christoph Ernst Friedrich Weyse, is often called Norway's "national psalm".
Lyrics
editBjørnson wrote in a modified version of the Danish language used in Norway at the time. Written Bokmål has since been altered in a series of orthographic reforms intended to distinguish it from Danish and bring it closer to spoken Norwegian. The text below, commonly used today, is identical to Bjørnson's original in using the same words but with modernised spelling and punctuation. The most sung verses—1, 7 and 8 (which are highlighted and in bold)—have been modernised most and have several variations in existence. For example, Bjørnson originally wrote "drømme på vor jord", which some sources today write as "drømme på vår jord", while others write "drømmer på vår jord".
In each verse, the last two lines are sung twice, and one or two words are repeated an extra time when the lines are sung the second time (for example, "senker" in the first verse). These words are written in italics in the Norwegian lyrics below. The first verse is written down in full as an example.
| Literal translation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Yes, we love this country |
Poetic translation and metric version
editTwo alternative metrical versions also exist. The second closely follows the original and was learned by heart by a Norwegian[12] who did not know the translator's name. It was published (without the translator's name) in a collection of Sange og digte paa dansk og engelsk[13] (transl. Songs and Poems in Danish and English). There are two minor changes in the text in this version, which are presented here. Verse 2, which is seldom sung, has been omitted, and the last two lines in each verse are repeated in the same way as sung in Norwegian.
I |
I |
Deleted verse a tribute to King Charles IV
editThe original version of "Ja, vi elsker" included a verse hailing Charles IV, who succeeded his father as king of Norway in July 1859. However, after the divisive international events of the spring of 1864, including the Second Schleswig War, when the ideal of a unified Scandinavia became shattered, Bjørnson went from monarchist to republican, and the tribute to the reigning sovereign was stricken from the song.
The lyrics that were removed were:
- Kongen selv står stærk og åpen
- som vår Grænsevagt
- og hans allerbedste Våpen
- er vår Broderpagt.
In English, this reads:
- The King himself stands strong and open
- As our border guard
- and his most powerful weapon
- is our brethren pact.
The "brethren pact" the text refers to was a military treaty between Norway, Sweden and Denmark to assist one another should any of them come under military assault. But when German troops invaded South Jutland in February 1864, none of the alliance partners came to Denmark's rescue. This perceived treason of the "brethren pact" once and for all shattered dreams of unification of the three countries.[14]
Controversies
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This section needs additional citations for verification. (August 2022) |
Norwegian independence
editIn 1905, the Union between Sweden and Norway was dissolved after many years of Norwegian struggle for equality between the two states, as stipulated in the 1815 Act of Union. The unilateral declaration by the Norwegian Storting of the union's dissolution on 7 June provoked strong Swedish reactions, bringing the two nations to the brink of war in the autumn. In Sweden, pro-war conservatives were opposed by the Social Democrats, whose leaders, Hjalmar Branting and Zeth Höglund, spoke out for reconciliation and a peaceful settlement with Norway. Swedish socialists sang "Ja, vi elsker dette landet" to support the Norwegian people's right to secede from the union.
Nazi occupation
editDuring World War II, the anthem was used both by the Norwegian resistance and the Nazi collaborators, the latter mainly for propaganda reasons. Eventually, the German occupiers officially forbade any use of the anthem.
Urdu translation
editIn May 2006, the multicultural newspaper Utrop proposed that the national anthem be translated into Urdu, the native language of one of the most numerous groups of recent immigrants to Norway.[15] The editor's idea was that people from other ethnic groups should be able to honour their adopted country with devotion, even if they were not fluent in Norwegian. This proposal was referred to by other more widely read papers, and a member of the Storting called the proposal "integration in reverse".[16] One proponent of translating the anthem received batches of hate mail calling her a traitor and threatening her with decapitation.[17]
See also
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Notes
edit- ^ See Help:IPA/Norwegian and Norwegian phonology. The transcription is based on Urban East Norwegian; /r/'s are guttural in more western dialects, among other differences.
- ^ Often written as drømme.[9][10]
- ^ Also written malte.[9]
- ^ Also written talte.[9]
- ^ Also written værste.[10]
- ^ Also written nu vi står tre brødre sammen.[9]
- ^ "Blue-eyed" (blåøyd) here means 'innocent'; it is derived from the eye color of newborn babies.[11]
References
edit- ^ "Representantforslag om å vedta at "Ja, vi elsker dette landet" skal anerkjennes som Norges offisielle nasjonalsang". 4 June 2019.
- ^ Verdig tilstandsrapport fra nasjonalartistene Archived December 29, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, BT.no
- ^ Lindahl, Björn (2001-09-11). "Norsk festyra fick ny dimension". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved 2012-05-26.
- ^ Sangen har lysning : studentersang i Norge på 1800-tallet, Anne Jorunn Kydland, 1995, ISBN 82-560-0828-8
- ^ Viktige trekk fra Norges vels historie 1809-1995, Kristian Kaus, 1996, ISBN 82-7115-100-2
- ^ Norsk litteraturkritikks historie 1770-1940, Bind 1, Edvard Beyer og Morten Moi, 1990, ISBN 82-00-06623-1
- ^ Verdig tilstandsrapport fra nasjonalartistene Archived 2013-12-29 at the Wayback Machine, BT.no
- ^ Björn Lindahl (2001-09-11). "Norsk festyra fick ny dimension". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved 2012-05-26.
- ^ a b c d e "Ja, vi elsker dette landet". Hojskolesangbogen (in Danish). Retrieved 2022-02-13.
- ^ a b c "Ja, vi elsker dette landet". Den norske Studentersangforening (in Norwegian Bokmål). Archived from the original on 2022-02-13. Retrieved 2022-02-13.
- ^ ""Blåøyd"". naob.no. Det Norske Akademis Ordbok (Dictionary of the Norwegian Academy). Retrieved 13 April 2024.
- ^ Torolv Hustad, born around 1930.
- ^ Volk, John, ed. (1903). Sange og digte paa dansk og engelsk. New York Public Library, digitized by Google: "Nordlysets" forlag. pp. 30–31.
- ^ Bomann-Larsen, Tor (2002). "Alt for Norge". Kongstanken. Haakon & Maud (in Norwegian). Vol. 1. Oslo, Norway: J.W. Cappelen. pp. 23–24. ISBN 82-02-19092-4.
- ^ Vil ha «Ja vi elsker» på urdu Archived May 11, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Fr.p. sier nei til "Ja vi elsker" på urdu". Archived from the original on May 21, 2006.
- ^ "Oslo - Aftenposten". Retrieved 2006-12-30.[dead link]
External links
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- Sung May 1, 2005 in Salt Lake City Utah with Mormon Tabernacle Choir and Norwegian soprano Sissel Kyrkjebø; first stanza only and then in English