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Amaryllidoideae

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Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae s.s., amaryllids) is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae, order Asparagales. The most recent APG classification, APG III, takes a broad view of the Amaryllidaceae, which then has three subfamilies, one of which is Amaryllidoideae (the old family Amaryllidaceae), and the others are Allioideae (the old family Alliaceae) and Agapanthoideae (the old family Agapanthaceae). The subfamily consists of about seventy genera, with over eight hundred species, and a worldwide distribution.

Amaryllidoideae
Amaryllis belladonna
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Amaryllidaceae
Subfamily: Amaryllidoideae
Type genus
Amaryllis
Tribes

See text

Synonyms

Description

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Organization of an Amaryllidoideae flower (Sternbergia lutea) with the six non-differentiated tepals and the six stamens

The Amaryllidoideae are herbaceous, perennial flowering plants, usually with bulbs (some are rhizomatous). Their fleshy leaves are arranged in two vertical columns, and their flowers are large.[1] Most of them are bulbous geophytes and many have a long history of cultivation as ornamental plants. They are distinguished from the other two Amaryllidaceae subfamilies (Agapanthoideae and Allioideae) by their unique alkaloidal chemistry, inferior ovary, and hollow style.[2]

Taxonomy

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See also: Amaryllidaceae § Taxonomy

History

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Pre-Darwinian

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The name Amaryllis had been applied to a number of plants over the course of history. When Linnaeus formerly described the type genus Amaryllis, from which the family derives its name, in his Species Plantarum in 1753,[3] there were nine species with this name. He placed Amaryllis in a grouping he referred to as Hexandria monogynia (i.e. six stamens and one pistil)[4] containing 51 genera in all[5] in his sexual classification scheme.

These genera have been treated as either liliaceous or amaryllidaceaeous (see Taxonomy of Liliaceae) over time.[6] In 1763 Michel Adanson placed them in 'Liliaceae'[7] In 1789 Antoine Laurent de Jussieu placed Amaryllis and related genera within a division of Monocotyledons, using a modified form of Linnaeus' sexual classification but with the respective topography of stamens to carpels rather than just their numbers.[8]

The family Amaryllidaceae was named in 1805, by Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire.[9] In 1810 Brown proposed that a subgroup of Liliaceae be distinguished on the basis of the position of the ovaries (inferior) and be referred to as Amaryllideae[10] and in 1813 de Candolle described Liliacées Juss. and Amaryllidées Brown as two quite separate families.[11] Samuel Frederick Gray's A natural arrangement of British plants (1821).[12] grouped together a number of families having in common six equal stamens, a single style and a perianth that was simple and petaloid, within which he separated families by the characteristics of their fruit and seed, such as Amaryllideae, Liliaceae, Asphodeleae and Asparageae.[13]

John Lindley, in his An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany (1830)[14] divided the "Monocotyledonous Plants" [15] into two tribes. He then further divided the Petaloidea (petaloid monocots), into 32 orders, including the Amaryllideae.[16] He defined the latter as "Hexapetaloideous bulbous hexandrous monocotyledons, with an inferior ovarium, a 6-parted perianthium with equitant sepals, and flat spongy seeds" and included Amaryllis, Phycella, Nerine, Vallota, and Calostemma.

By 1846 Lindley had greatly expanded and refined the treatment of the monocots.[17] He placed the Liliaceae within the Liliales, but saw it as a paraphyletic ("catch-all") family, being all Liliales not included in the other orders, hoping that the future would reveal some characteristic that would group them better. This kept the Liliaceae.[18] separate from the Amaryllidaceae,[19] which was divided into four tribes (with 68 genera), yet both his Amaryllidaceae and Liliaceae contained many genera that would eventually segregate to each other's contemporary orders (Liliales and Asparagales respectively). The Liliaceae would be reduced to a small 'core' represented by the tribe Tulipeae, while large groups such as Scilleae and Asparagae would become part of Asparagales either as part of the Amaryllidaceae or as separate families. Of the four tribes of the Amaryllidaceae, the Amaryllideae and Narcisseae would remain as core amaryllids while the Agaveae would be part of Asparagaceae but the Alstroemeriae would become a family within the Liliales.

Since then seven of Linnaeus' genera have consistently been placed in a common taxonomic unit of amaryllids, based on the inferior position of the ovaries (whether this be as an order, suborder, family, subfamily, tribe or section).[20] Thus much of what we now consider Amaryllidoideae remained in Liliaceae because the ovary was superior, till 1926 when John Hutchinson transferred them to Amaryllidaceae.[21]

The number of known genera within these families continued to grow, and by the time of the Bentham and Hooker classification (1883) the Amaryllidaceae (Amaryllideae) were divided into four tribes, of which only one (Amarylleae) still represents the grouping now reflected in Amarylloideae.[22]

In the post-Darwinian era the amaryllids were mainly treated as part of a very large family Liliaceae, although the early twentieth century saw increasing doubts about the inclusion of many of its components, particularly the alliaceous (i.e. Allioideae) elements. Hutchinson also suggested that the elements now included in Amaryllidoideae's parent family (Amaryllidaceae) could all be placed in one family, although only Cronquist placed all the elements into a very large Liliaceae.

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group

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The introduction of molecular methods in the 1990s confirmed the affinity of three major taxa corresponding to Alliaceae, Agapanthaceae and Amaryllidaceae.[23] In 2009 the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) decided to amalgamate the three families, which together form a monophyletic group, into a single family, at first called Alliaceae and then Amaryllidaceae.[24] The three families then became reduced to subfamilies, so that the historical Amaryllidaceae became subfamily Amaryllidoideae. To distinguish this new broader family from the older narrower family it has become customary to refer to Amaryllidaceae sensu APG, or as used by APG, Amaryllidaceae s.l.. as opposed to Amaryllidaceae s.s..[24][25]

The relationships between the subfamilies within the Amaryllidaceae and the place of Amaryllidoideae is shown in the Cladogram.

Cladogram: Amaryllidaceae
sensu s.l./APG
Amaryllidaceae s.l.

Subfamily Agapanthoideae

Subfamily Allioideae

Subfamily Amaryllidoideae

Subdivision

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Complete resolution of infrafamilial (suprageneric) relationships within subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae s.s.) has proven difficult.[26] Early studies lacked sufficient resolution for further elucidation of this group.[23] Historically a wide variety of infrafamilial classification systems have been proposed for the Amaryllidaceae s.s.. In the latter twentieth century there were at least six schemes, including Hutchinson (1926),[21] Traub (1963),[27] Dahlgren (1985),[28] Müller-Doblies and Müller-Doblies (1996),[29] Hickey and King (1997)[30] and Meerow and Snijman (1998).[31] Hutchinson was an early proponent of the larger Amaryllidaceae, transferring taxa from Liliaceae and had three tribes, Agapantheae, Allieae and Gilliesieae. Traub (who provides a brief history of the family) largely followed Hutchinson, but with four subfamilies (Allioideae, Hemerocalloideae, Ixiolirioideae and Amaryllidoideae), the Amaryllidoideae he then divided further into two "infrafamilies", Amarylloidinae and Pancratioidinae, an arrangement with 23 tribes in total. In Dahlgren's system, a "splitter" who favoured larger numbers of smaller families, he adopted a narrower circumscription than Traub, using only the latter's Amaryllidoideae which he treated as nine tribes. Müller-Doblies described ten tribes (and 19 subtribes). Hickey and King described ten tribes by which the family were divided, such as the Zephyrantheae.[30] Meerow and Snijder considered thirteen tribes, one (Amaryllideae) with two subtribes (For a comparison of these schemes see Meerow et al. 1999, Table I).[6]

Thus Traub's Amaryllidoideae, which most later authors treated as Amaryllidaceae s.s., became the basis for Amaryllidoideae sensu APGIII. Of the other three subfamilies in Traub's system, Allioideae represents Amaryllidaceae subfamily Allioideae sensu APGIII. Hemerocalloideae was a small subfamily with a single tribe, Hemerocalleae consisting of two genera, Hemerocallis and Leucocrinum. Subsequent research has shown these to be very different taxa, Hemerocallis being placed in the family Xanthorrhoeaceae, while Leucocrinum belongs in Asparagaceae, both part of Asparagales. Finally Ixiolirioideae was another very small subfamily, with two tribes, Gageeae and Ixiolirieae. Gageeae consisted of two genera, Gagea and Giraldiella, which was subsequently merged with Gagea (Liliaceae, Liliales), while Ixiolirieae similarly contained only Ixiolirion and Kolpakowskia (merged with Ixiolirion) belongs in Ixioliriaceae (Asparagales). so only two of his subfamilies now belong in Amaryllidaceae s.l..

Historical distribution of Amaryllidaceae (sensu stricto) tribes and subtribes
Traub 1963[27]
Subfamily: Amarylloideae		 Dahlgren 1985[28] Müller-Doblies 1996[29] Meerow 1998[31] Molecular phylogenetics[26][2]
Infrafamily: Amarylloidinae
Traubieae		 Hippeastreae Hippeastreae
Traubiinae		 Hippeastreae Hippeastreae

Traubiinae

Zephyrantheae Hippeastreae Hippeastreae
Zephyranthinae		 Hippeastreae Hippeastreae
Hippeastrinae
Amarylleae Hippeastreae Amaryllideae
Amaryllidinae
Hippeastreae
Hippeastrinae		 Amaryllideae
Amaryllidinae		 Amaryllideae
Amaryllidinae
Griffineae
Lycoreae Lycorideae Lycorideae Lycorideae Lycorideae
Narcisseae Narcisseae Narcisseae
Narcissinae		 Narcisseae Narcisseae
Galantheae Galantheae Narcisseae
Galanthinae
Lapiedrinae		 Galantheae Galantheae
Narcisseae
Crineae Amaryllideae Amaryllideae
Crininae
Boophoninae		 Amaryllideae
Crininae		 Amaryllideae
Crininae
Cyrtantheae Haemantheae Haemantheae
Cyrtanthinae		 Cyrtantheae Cyrtantheae
Clivieae Haemantheae Haemantheae
Cliviinae		 Haemantheae Haemantheae
Cliviinae
Haemantheae Haemantheae Haemantheae
Haemanthinae		 Haemantheae Hemantheae
Haemanthinae
Gethylleae Haemantheae Gethyllideae Gethyllideae Hemantheae
Gethyllidinae
Strumarieae Amaryllideae Amaryllideae
Strumariinae		 Amaryllideae
Amaryllidinae		 Amaryllideae
Strumariinae
Infrafamily: Pancratioidinae
Pancratieae		 Pancratieae Pancratieae
Pancratiinae		 Pancratieae Pancratieae
Stenomessae Stenomesseae Eustephieae
Stenomessinae
Eustephiinae		 Stenomesseae Stenomesseae/Eucharideae
Eustephieae
Clinantheae
Euchareae Eucharideae Eucharideae
Eucharidinae
Hymenocallidinae
Hippeastreae
Griffiniinae
Calostemmateae		 Eucharideae
Hymenocallideae
Hippeastreae

Stenomesseae/Eucharideae
Griffineae
Hymenocallideae
Calostemmateae

Eustephieae Stenomesseae Eustephieae
Stenomessinae
Eustephiinae
Hippeastreae
Hippeastrinae		 Stenomesseae
Eustephieae
Hippeastreae		 Stenomesseae/Eucharideae
Hippeastreae
Hippeastrinae
Traubiinae
Clinantheae
Eustephieae

The further application of molecular phylogenetics produced a complex picture that only partially related to the tribal structure considered up to that date, which had been based on morphology alone.[6] Rather Amaryllidaceae resolved along biogeographical lines. A predominantly South African clade identified as Amaryllideae was a sister group to the rest of the family. The two other African tribes were Haemantheae and Cyrtantheae, and an Australasian tribe Calostemmateae was also identified, but a large clade could only be described as Eurasian and American, each of which were monophyletic sister clades to each other. The Eurasian clade was poorly resolved with the exception of Lycorideae (Central and East Asian). The American clade was better resolved identifying both Hippeastreae as a tribe (and Zephyranthinae as a subtribe within it). The American clade also included an Andean clade[6]

Further investigation of the American clade suggested the presence of two groups, the Andean clade and a further "Hippeastroid" clade, in which Griffineae was sister to the rest of the clade (Hippeastreae). Similarly within the Andean clade four subclades were identified, including Eustephieae which appeared as sister to the remaining clade, including Hymenocallideae. Of the remaining taxa, two subclades emerged that did not correspond to existing tribal structure, namely Eucharideae (3 genera) and Stenomesseae (6 genera). Rather the taxa segregated on a morphological criterion, namely leaf shape. Stenomesseae was recognised as polyphyletic with two distinct types based on leaf shape (lorate-leafed and petiolate-leafed), while Eucharideae was petiolate, together with three Stenomesseae genera and a number of species of the type genus Stenomesson. Furthermore, the type species of Stenomesson, Stenomesson flavum is petiolate. The consequent petiolate Eucharideae/Stenomesseae subclade could not be further resolved into distinct monophyletic tribes. Subsequent treatment has been variable. Meerow et al. state here that this subclade should be called Stenomesseae because the type species of Stenomesson was petiolate and thus transferred from the former Stenomesseae into the new petiolate clade. Subsequently, Meerow (2004) treated the Andean clade as having four tribes with Eucharis in Stenomesseae.[32]

However, since then the term Eucharideae has been used instead. For example, in a paper presented at Monocot IV (2008),[33] a cladogram published in 2013,[34] and in 2014 only Eucharideae is mentioned[2] while in 2015 Meerow described new species of Stenomesson and Eucharis as being in Eucharideae.[35] The combined clade would include Stenomessaea as the reduced Stenomesson (sensu stricto), Rauhia, Phaedranassa, and Eucrosia, together with Eucharideae as Eucharis, Caliphruria, and Urceolina.[36]

Based on the oldest published name for the remaining lorate Stenomesson species, which is Clinanthus, the lorate subclade was designated tribe Clinantheae, and the remaining species transferred. In this redescription, Clinanthus luteus becomes the type species for tribe Clinantheae which includes Pamianthe, Paramongaia and Pucara. Although subsequent analysis resulted in submerging Pucara into Stenomesson (and hence Stenomesseae), rather than treating it as a separate genus.[36]

The Eurasian clade was also further resolved (for historical treatment, see Table I Meerow et al. 2006) into four tribes, Pancratieae, Narcisseae, Galantheae and Lycorideae. This positioned Lycorideae as sister to the remaining Mediterranean tribes.[37]

These relationships are summarised in the following cladogram:

Cladogram: Tribes of subfamily Amaryllidoideae
Subfamily Amaryllidoideae
Africa 

Tribe Amaryllideae

Africa 

Tribe Cyrtantheae

Africa 

Tribe Haemantheae

Australasia

Tribe Calostemmateae

Eurasian clade
Asia

Tribe Lycorideae

Mediterranean

Tribe Galantheae

Tribe Pancratieae

Tribe Narcisseae

American clade
Hippeastroid clade

Tribe Griffineae

Tribe Hippeastreae

Andean clade

Publication of the third version of the APG classification and acceptance of Amaryllidaceae s.l.[24] was accompanied by a listing of accepted subfamily and tribal names, since the change in rank from family to subfamily necessitated a revision of other lower ranks, as follows:[23][25][2][38]

Family: Amaryllidaceae J.St.-Hil., Expos. Fam. Nat. 1: 134. Feb–Apr 1805, nom. cons.

This circumscription differs from the phylogenetic descriptions of Meerow and colleagues in several respects, as described above. Griffineae is recognised as a distinct tribe within the Hippeastroid clade, and Stenomesseae is recognised as polyphyletic with two distinct types based on leaf shape and subsequent creation of Clinanthieae as a separate grouping (see Cladogram), the remainder being submerged into Eucharideae.[39][32][36][40][41]

Additional tribes:

Genera

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Main article: List of Amaryllidoideae genera

The subfamily includes about 70 genera arranged in tribes and subtribes.[1]

References

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  1. ^ a b Stevens 2016, Amaryllidoideae.
  2. ^ a b c d Garcia et al 2014.
  3. ^ Linnaeus 1753, Amaryllis I pp. 292–293.
  4. ^ Linnaeus Sexual System 2015.
  5. ^ Linnaeus 1753, Hexandria monogynia I pp. 285–332.
  6. ^ a b c d Meerow et al. 1999.
  7. ^ Adanson 1763, VIII. Liliaceae. Part II. p. 42.
  8. ^ Jussieu 1789.
  9. ^ Jaume Saint-Hilaire 1805, Amaryllidées vol. 1. pp. 134–142.
  10. ^ Brown 1810, Prodromus. Amaryllideae p. 296.
  11. ^ Candolle 1813, Esquisse. D'une Série linéaire et par conséquent artificielle, pour la disposition des familles naturelles du règne végetal p. 219.
  12. ^ Gray 1821.
  13. ^ Gray 1821, p.vi.
  14. ^ Lindley 1830.
  15. ^ Lindley 1830, Endogenae, or Monocotyledonous Plants p. 251.
  16. ^ Lindley 1830, Amaryllideae The Narcissus Tribe p. 259.
  17. ^ Lindley 1846.
  18. ^ Lindley 1846, Liliaceae – Lilyworts p. 200.
  19. ^ Lindley 1846, Amaryllidaceae – Amaryllids p. 155.
  20. ^ Meerow et al. 2000a.
  21. ^ a b Hutchinson 1926.
  22. ^ Bentham & Hooker 1883, Vol. 3, Part 2. Amaryllideae pp. 711–740.
  23. ^ a b c Fay & Chase 1996.
  24. ^ a b c APG 2009.
  25. ^ a b Chase et al 2009.
  26. ^ a b Meerow & Snijman 2006.
  27. ^ a b Traub 1963.
  28. ^ a b Dahlgren, Clifford & Yeo 1985.
  29. ^ a b Müller-Doblies & Müller-Doblies 1996.
  30. ^ a b Hickey & King 1997, p. 177.
  31. ^ a b Meerow & Snijman 1998.
  32. ^ a b Meerow et al 2004.
  33. ^ Meerow 2010.
  34. ^ Meerow 2013, Fig. 2.5 p. 25.
  35. ^ Meerow, Jost & Oleas 2015.
  36. ^ a b c Meerow et al. 2000b.
  37. ^ Meerow et al 2006a.
  38. ^ Vigneron 2008.
  39. ^ Weber & Wilkin 2007.
  40. ^ PBS 2012, Clinanthus.
  41. ^ Byng 2014, Amaryllidaceae.

Bibliography

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Books

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Symposia

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Chapters

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Articles and theses

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History

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Websites

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