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Istanbul Electricity, Tram and Tunnel Establishments

The Istanbul Electricity, Tram and Tunnel Establishments (Turkish: İstanbul Elektrik, Tramvay ve Tünel İşletmeleri) or İETT is the transportation authority in Istanbul connected to the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality specializing in public transportation.

Istanbul Electricity, Tram and Tunnel Establishments
İstanbul Elektrik, Tramvay ve Tünel İşletmeleri

A BMC Procity bus operated by the IETT
Agency overview
Formed1871 (153 years ago)
HeadquartersIstanbul
Employees10,469 (2023)[1]
Annual budget15 billion, 400 million TL (2023)[2]
Agency executive
  • Buğra Gökçe[3], General Director
Parent agencyIstanbul Metropolitan Municipality
Websiteiett.istanbul

History

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Tram lines in 1920
 
Two nostalgic trams meeting on the Taksim - Tünel nostalgic tram line

After nationalizing various companies and combining them in 1939 with law 3645, the “Istanbul Electric Tram and Tunnel General Directorate” reached the status it has today.[4] In 1945 the Yedikule and Hasanpaşa Coal gas factories and the pipes fed by this factory that distributed coal gas to Istanbul and Anatolia were handed over to the IETT.[5][6] trolleybuses that were implemented in 1961 continued servicing citizens until 1984.[7] A law passed in 1982 gave all authority and right over electricity to the Turkish Electricity Administration (TEK).[8] Coal gas production and distribution was ended in 1993.[9] Today, the IETT only handles public transportation including buses, trams and tunnels as well as the administration, management and supervision of Istanbul Ulaşım A.Ş.

Tram

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Urban transportation in Istanbul began with the founding of the Dersaadet Tram Company and the decision to construct the Tünel.[10] In 1871 this company began providing horse powered tram services for various routes including Azapkapı - Galata, Aksaray - Yedikule, Aksaray - Topkapı and Eminönü - Aksaray[11] and amassed 4.5 million people in its first year. The 45 trams on these routes were pulled by 430 horses on meter gauge railway. In 1912, during the Balkan Wars, all horses were sent to the front line, and therefore all horse-operated tram services were suspended for a year.

On February 2, 1914, tram lines were electrified. On June 8, 1928, a new tram line was opened between Üsküdar and Kısıklı. On October 29, 1933, all 320 trams and 4 buses were ordered directly by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk to fully operate, as part of the 10th year anniversary celebrations of the founding of the Republic.[12] By 1950 tram routes had reached 130 kilometers in total. In 1956, the trams had their peak year, with 108 million people using 56 tram lines and 270 trams in total. After the 1960 coup d’état, tram services started to be phased out for more modern trams. The lines were replaced to support more up-to date motorized trams that could go faster. The old trams continued servicing the European side until August 12, 1961[13] and the Anatolian side until November 14, 1966.[14] Today, IETT runs the nostalgic tram line T2 from Taksim to Tünel, which runs on the famous Istiklal Avenue,[15] and the line T3 operating as a ring in Moda, Kadıköy.

Tünel
Main article: Tünel

Alongside with trams, construction of the Tünel (lit. 'Tunnel') began in 1871. It opened on December 5, 1874, making it the second-oldest underground train line after the London Underground. Used only for livestock and cargo at first, it opened for passenger transportation on January 17, 1875.[12][16]

Bus

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Starting from 1871, to help the existing tram lines, the Dersaadet Tram Company was given permission to operate buses, although little is known about this period. In 1926, 4 Renault-Scémia brand buses were purchased and one of these buses subsequently began operating between on June 2, 1927, between Beyazıt and Taksim as a trial.[12] The remaining buses started operating between Beyazıt and Eminönü, with stops in between. This route was later extended to Karaköy.

During the nationalization and merging with the IETT, the company had only three buses. In 1942, 23 buses were ordered from the White Motor Company.[17] The first part of this order, comprising nine buses, arrived in pieces inside crates and were shipped to Turkey via ship on February 27, 1942. But because of the growing war, they were first dropped off at the Port of Alexandria in Egypt.[17] In 1943, the crates were moved to Istanbul under harsh conditions, but it was determined that there were missing pieces. After the materials were taken from customs, they were immediately assembled, but because the factory in the United States stopped production, only nine White Motor Company buses could enter service. The other 14 that couldn't reach Istanbul were scrapped. Alternative routes were opened for these buses. In 1947, two buses were scrapped. After Scania-Vabis buses were ordered in bulk, the remaining 7 buses were retired.[18]

By the end of that same year, 25 Scania-Vabis brand motorbuses were imported from Sweden and allocated to the IETT.[19] From April 1943 to 1944, 20 new buses were bought, creating a fleet of 29 buses. After a fire in the Ankara bus garage on October 17, 1946[20] this fleet, alongside a fleet from Hatay was sent to replace the damaged buses.[21]

A short while after, 12 Twin Coach, 2 Chevrolet and 1 Fargo brand buses were bought to make a fleet of 15 with the help of the municipality. These buses continued servicing Istanbul until 1955. Until 1960 the IETT purchased buses from various brands including Škoda, Mercedes, Büssing and Magirus,[22] making a total fleet size of 525 buses, followed by a purchase of 300 buses from the Leyland Motors company in England.[17] Bus purchased continued in 1979-1980 with Mercedes-Benz, Magirus and Ikarus brand buses and with MAN in 1983-1984. In 1993, the IETT purchased the first double-deck bus to enter service, the DAF Optare. In 1998 Mercedes brand, human and eco-friendly buses, and in 2006 buses with the eco-friendly Euro III engine that were purchased by the IETT entered service.[23]

The IETT had 3,059 buses in service in 2014. These were single, articulated and Metrobus. The IETT has 900 Otokar, 540 Karsan Bredamenarinibus, 1569 Mercedes-Benz and 50 Phileas.[24] The IETT also has 3,075 buses under the Private Public Bus (Turkish: Özel Halk Otobüs) brand.

Under the law passed on September 17, 2020, by the Metropolitan Municipality Council, buses under Istanbul Ulaşım A.Ş. and Private Public Bus are to operate under one color under IETT's roof.[25][26][27]

Metrobus
Main article: Metrobus (Istanbul)
 
Mecidiyeköy Metrobus Stop

In 2007, the Metrobus line started service. On this line, high capacity, air-conditioned, low floor and accessible buses are used. In 2022, the Metrobus carried an average of 800,000 people per day.[28]

Trolleybus

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For broader coverage of this topic, see Trolleybus usage by country § Turkey_2.

Due to the trams that had operated on both sides of Istanbul being unable to keep up with demand, trolleybuses were introduced in the 1960s due to being more economically viable than regular buses. The trolleybuses operated between Topkapı and Eminönü on a dual overhead catenary. 100 Trolleybuses operated on around 45 kilometres (28 mi) of route until[29] July 16, 1986 where all of the trolleybuses were sold off to ESHOT to be used in İzmir, with the justification that frequent power outages caused the buses to cause traffic jams on the roads.[7]

 
Şişli Depot, used for trams and trolleybuses until 1987

Electricity

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Turkey's first electricity distribution company came to life in Istanbul. Under the modernization movements during the Second Constitutional Era, the right to distribute electricity was given to the Ganz Corporation after careful investigation. In 1911, the Ganz Corporation formed the Ottoman Incorporated Electricity Company (Turkish: Osmanlı Anonim Elektrik Şirketi), producing electricity for trams after the First World War.[30][31][32][33]

After the founding of the Republic, The Ministry of Public works (Turkish: Nafıa Velaketi) enacted the Private Electric Company (Turkish: Özel Elektrik Şirketi) on December 31, 1937, for 11,500,000 Turkish liras, taking the name of General Directorate for Electric Works (Turkish: Elektrik İşleri Umum Müdürlüğü). The Directorate was responsible for production and distribution of electricity.[34]

The IETT Management General Directorate (Turkish: İETT İşletmeleri Umum Müdürlüğü) formed on June 16, 1939, with the intent of taking over the distribution and production of electricity[4] until 1952, in which they started buying electricity from Etibank. On July 25, 1970, with the law of the Turkish Electricity Institution (Turkish: Türkiye Elektrik Kurumu), TEK became responsible for distribution of electricity.[35] In 1982, distribution of electricity was completely handed over to TEK.[8]

Coal Gas

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Production of Coal gas in Istanbul is started in 1853, intending to illuminating the Dolmabahçe Palace.[29] The production and distribution business, which was carried out by private companies with foreign capital first in Yedikule until 1878 and later in Kadıköy in 1891, was transferred to IETT in 1945 with the law numbered 4762, after having changed hands a few times.[36]

With the transfer of Beyoğlu Polygon Gas Factory, the IETT became a monopoly in gas production and distribution. The company, which also produced and sold coke and employed around a thousand people, had an average daily capacity of 300 thousand cubic meters until it was liquidated in June 1993 due to the introduction of natural gas into daily life and outdated technology.[29]

Fleet

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All buses in the fleet are low floor.[24]

Brand Model Production Years Type Quantity Fleet Code
Akia Ultra LF25 2021 Double Articulated 106 A5001-A5107
BMC Procity 2012 Solo 4 B3001-B3004
2016 44 B4001-B4044
Procity TR 2017 381 B5001-B5381
Karsan BM Avancity CNG 2013 245 K1001-K1248
Avancity S Plus 2013 Articulated 309 K1501-K1810
Green Car LSV 4 Cabin Solo 20
S 14 Cabin 40
Mercedes-Benz Citaro 2006-2007 Solo 380 M2001-M2394
Citaro G 2006 Articulated 98 M2501-M2600
CapaCity 2007-2008-2009 249 M3001-M3250
Conecto G 2012 265 M4501-M4765
2015 137 M4801-M4926
Otokar Kent 290 LF 2013 Solo 919 O1001-O1306/O2001-O2306/O3001-O3303
* 2012 23 O4001-O4023
Otokar Kent XL 2021 Articulated 120 O5001-O5120
Temsa Temsa Avenue * 2014 Solo 107 T1001-T1108
SGMS Mastiff M4 Solo 60
Cleanvac Emiro Solo 50
Total 3541

Bus Depots

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Depot District Type
Anatolian Side
Anadolu Ataşehir City service
Hasanpaşa Şehit Ahmet Dokuyucu Kadıköy Metrobüs
Kurtköy Pendik City service
Samandıra Parklanma Sancaktepe
Sarıgazi
Şahinkaya Beykoz
Yunus Kartal
European Side
Avcılar Merkez Kampüsü Avcılar Metrobüs
Beylikdüzü Beylikdüzü
Cebeci Sultangazi City service
Edirnekapı Eyüpsultan Metrobüs
İkitelli Küçükçekmece City service
Kağıthane Kağıthane
Topkapı Fatih
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  •  
    Mercedes-Benz Capacity buses used on the Metrobus.
  •  
    Otokar Kent model bus waiting for departure.
  •  
    Mercedes-Benz Citaro bus on the Metrobus line.
  •  
    Ikarus bus no longer in the fleet.
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    Bus in the old purple livery (Private Public Bus).
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    IstanbulKart reader on a bus, equipped with QR code.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "545 Şoför Daha Artık İETT Kadrosunda" [545 more drivers in the IETT fleet]. iett.istanbul (in Turkish). 2023-03-09. Archived from the original on 2023-12-11. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  2. ^ "İETT'nin 15 milyar 400 milyon liralık 2023 yılı bütçesi İBB Meclisi'nde onaylandı". Cumhuriyet. 2022-11-23. Archived from the original on 2022-11-24. Retrieved 2023-06-05.
  3. ^ "İETT'nin başına Buğra Gökce getirildi". Gazete Duvar. 2023-02-01. Archived from the original on 2023-02-01. Retrieved 2023-06-05.
  4. ^ a b "İSTANBUL ELEKTRİK, TRAMVAY VE TÜNEL İDARELERİ TEŞKİLÂT VE TESİSATININ İSTANBUL BELEDİYESİNE DEVRİNE DAİR KANUN" (PDF). Resmî Gazete. 1939-06-16. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-01-21. Retrieved 2023-10-23.
  5. ^ "Yedikule Gazhanesi - Kültür Sanat İstanbul -". kultursanat.istanbul (in Turkish). 2023-05-31. Archived from the original on 2023-11-09. Retrieved 2023-10-23.
  6. ^ Mazak, Mehmet. "TÜRKİYE'DE MODERN AYDINLATMANIN BAŞLANGICI VE AYDINLATMA TARİHİMİZDE GENEL BİR BAKIŞ (1853-1930)" (PDF). Kültür Sanat AŞ (in Turkish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-12-22. Retrieved 2023-10-23.
  7. ^ a b "Troleybüs - İETT'nin saklı 'T'si..." İETT. Archived from the original on 2023-06-05. Retrieved 2023-06-05.
  8. ^ a b "Elektrik - İETT'nin 'E' si". İETT. Archived from the original on 2023-06-05. Retrieved 2023-06-05.
  9. ^ "İstanbul Gazhaneleri". Büyük İstanbul Tarihi (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2020-12-08. Retrieved 2023-10-24. Diğer gazhanelerle birlikte, 1993 yılında işletmesine son verildi.
  10. ^ Dilaver, Şerafettin (2010). DERSAADET TRAMVAY ŞİRKETİ (Thesis) (in Turkish). Reviewed by Fahri Solak. Istanbul. Archived from the original on 2023-12-11. Retrieved 2023-10-23 – via Ulusal Tez Merkezi.{{cite thesis}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  11. ^ Çolak, Melek, XX. YÜZYIL BAŞLARINDA İSTANBUL'DA TRAFİK VE TRAMVAY [TRAFFIC AND TROLLEYS IN ISTANBUL AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XX. CENTURY] (in Turkish), archived from the original on 2023-11-03, retrieved 2023-10-24
  12. ^ a b c "Kronolojik Tarihçe" [Chronologic History]. iett.istanbul (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2023-11-09. Retrieved 2023-10-23.
  13. ^ "About Istanbul Tram and Istanbul Tram History". raillynews. 2012-07-06. Archived from the original on 2023-12-12. Retrieved 2023-12-12.
  14. ^ Demirtaş, Erhan (2019-11-27). "Kadıköy'ün tramvaylı yılları" [Kadıköy's tram years]. www.gazetekadikoy.com.tr. Gazete Kadıköy. Archived from the original on 2023-07-02. Retrieved 2023-12-12.
  15. ^ "Ağ Haritaları". www.metro.istanbul. Metro Istanbul. 2023-08-01. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-09-28. Retrieved 2023-12-12.
  16. ^ "İstanbul'da Tarihte Yolculuk: Tünel". istanbul.gov.tr. Governor of Istanbul. 2019-06-28. Archived from the original on 2023-12-12. Retrieved 2023-12-12.
  17. ^ a b c Arısal, Murat (2023-08-02). "Şehir İçi Otobüs İşletmesinin Ekonomik Tarihi İstanbul (1927-1977)". Journal of Economic Policy Researches / İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi (in Turkish). 10 (2): 663–690. doi:10.26650/JEPR1312029. ISSN 2148-3876. Archived from the original on 2023-12-12. Retrieved 2024-04-07.
  18. ^ "Otobüs Hakkında" [About Buses]. iett.istanbul (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2023-11-03. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  19. ^ Orhan, Onur (2022). İstanbul İETT Otobüsleri - 100. Yıla Doğru (in Turkish). İkinci Adam Yayınları. ISBN 9786258334975.
  20. ^ "Toplu Taşımada 76. Yıl". www.ankara.bel.tr (in Turkish). Ankara Metropolitan Municipality. 2011-04-11. Archived from the original on 2023-12-11. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  21. ^ Öncü Yıldız, Ayca Mevlüde (2017-06-08) [2017-04-19]. "20. Yüzyılda Ankara'nın Kentsel Yapısı ve Ulaşım Sistemindeki Gelişmeler" [Developments of Ankara Urban Structure and Transportation Systems in the 20th Century] (PDF). Journal of Ankara Studies (in Turkish). 5 (1): 108–112. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-11-15.
  22. ^ Kocaoğlu, Fatih (2016). Türkiye'de Otobüsün Tarihi (in Turkish). Mercedes-Benz Türk A.Ş.
  23. ^ "Toplu Ulaşım". 2017-04-19. Archived from the original on 2017-04-19. Retrieved 2023-06-05.
  24. ^ a b "Otobüs Filosu". IETT. Archived from the original on 2022-06-26. Retrieved 2023-10-23.
  25. ^ "İstanbul'daki tüm otobüsler İETT'ye bağlandı". Cumhuriyet. 2020-09-17. Archived from the original on 2020-09-20. Retrieved 2023-06-05.
  26. ^ "İstanbul'da toplu taşımada tarihi karar: Tüm otobüsler İETT'ye bağlandı!". Sözcü. 2020-09-17. Archived from the original on 2020-09-20. Retrieved 2023-06-05.
  27. ^ "İstanbul'da toplu taşımada önemli karar! İETT altında birleşecekler". Hürriyet. 2020-09-20. Archived from the original on 2020-09-20. Retrieved 2023-06-05.
  28. ^ "İstanbul'da Toplu Ulaşım". İETT. 2022. Archived from the original on 2023-06-05. Retrieved 2023-06-05.
  29. ^ a b c "Havagazı - Dönemin lüksü..." İETT. Archived from the original on 2023-04-05. Retrieved 2023-04-05.
  30. ^ "Silahtarağa Power Plant". santralistanbul. 2013-03-06. Archived from the original on 2011-09-03. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
  31. ^ "Silahtarağa Elektrik Santralı'nın Hikayesi" [Story of the Silahtarağı Power Plant]. santralistanbul (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2012-12-15. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
  32. ^ "Ayın İkonu santralistanbul" [Icon of the month - santralistanbul]. santralistanbul (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2012-12-15. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
  33. ^ Göncüoğlu, Süleyman Faruk (2010). "İlk Elektrik Santrali" [First Power Plant]. İstanbul'un İlkleri Enleri [Istanbul's Firsts and Mosts] (in Turkish). Öküten. p. 129. ISBN 978-975-437-753-8.
  34. ^ Arısal, Murat (2023-03-01). "İstanbul'da Elektrik Kullanımının Dönemsel Karşılaştırması (1938-1960)" [A Periodic Comparison of Electric Energy Consumption in Istanbul (1938-1960)]. Marmara University Journal of Political Science. 11 (1). Marmara University: 223. doi:10.14782/marmarasbd.1231424. ISSN 2147-6926. Archived from the original on 2024-04-07. Retrieved 2023-10-25 – via Dergipark.
  35. ^ "Türkiye Elektrik Kurumu Kanunu" (PDF). Resmi Gazete (in Turkish). 1970-07-15 [1970-07-25]. 13559. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-01-20. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
  36. ^ "Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi". www.mevzuat.gov.tr (in Turkish). 1945-06-28. Archived from the original on 2023-06-05. Retrieved 2023-06-05.
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