Isaac Newton Vail (1840 – January 26, 1912) was an American Quaker, schoolteacher, and pseudoscientist supporting the theory of catastrophism. His ideas were taken up by creationists including Jehovah's Witnesses.[1]
Life
editIsaac Newton Vail was born to John Vail and Abigail (nee Edgerton) in Barnesville, Ohio in 1840. He was trained and then taught at the Quaker Seminary in Westtown Township, Pennsylvania, leaving to pursue his independent study of flood geology. He married Rachel D. Wilson in the fall of 1864; they had two daughters (Alice and Lydia). In 1876 Rachel died, and on 26 July 1880 Vail married his second wife Mary M. Cope in Salem, Ohio. The 1900 census records his occupation as a farmer.[2][3]
Vail argued that the Earth once had rings like Saturn's, in what became known as the "Vailan theory" or "annular theory".[4][5] His 1886 "Canopy Theory" proposed that the Earth had been ringed by a toroidal mass of ice, which he named the "firmament", following the usage in Genesis 1:6-8.[6][7] Vail supposed that this could explain Noah's Flood, as he described in his 1874 book The Earth's Aqueous Ring: or The Deluge and its Cause.[8]
Vail died on 26 January 1912 in Pasadena, California.
Reception
edit
The geologist Donald U. Wise writes that most creationist theories of Noah's Flood derive from Vail. Wise writes that Vail's "Canopy Theory" model consisted of "a series of Saturn-like aqueous rings, the progressive collapse of which caused successive cataclysms to bury and create fossils. Collapse of the last remnant ring caused the Noachian flood."[9] Tom McIver similarly notes in Skeptic that the "Water Canopy Theory has long been a mainstay of creationists", who invoke it to account for both the conditions before the Genesis flood and the cause of the flood itself.[10][11]
The historian of science Ronald Numbers, in his book on creationism, writes that the founders of the Jehovah's Witnesses "borrowed their geology" from Vail, as it was even referenced in their 1912 multi-media production The Photo Drama of Creation.[1] However, the Witnesses have in recent decades distanced themselves from creationist teachings on the basis that such are not in harmony with Scripture nor scientific truths.[12]
The Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience notes that, a century later, "members of the Fortean Society" support Vail's theory.[13] The mathematician and science writer Martin Gardner in his book Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science wrote that Vail's theories were still being popularized in the 20th century by the Annular World Association of Azusa, California.[14][15]
The engineer Jane Albright notes several scientific failings of the canopy theory. Among these are that enough water to create a flood of even 5 centimetres (2.0 in) of rain would form a vapor blanket thick enough to make the earth too hot for life, since water vapor is a greenhouse gas; the same blanket would effectively obscure all incoming starlight.[16]
References
edit- ^ a b Numbers, Ronald L. (1993). The Creationists. University of California Press. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-520-08393-6.
- ^ Bureau of the Census 1900 census. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1900. T623, 1854 rolls.
- ^ Anon (1985) [1921]. Appendix II ~ A Brief Biographical Sketch of Professor Isaac Newton Vail (2nd ed.). Seattle: Simplex. pp. 85–87. ISBN 978-0-7873-0905-3.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Bowers, Stephen (1892). The Vailan or annular theory : a synopsis of Prof. I.N. Vail's argument in support of the claim that this earth once possessed a Saturn-like system of rings. The Observer Press Print.
- ^ Vail, Isaac (1912). The earth's annular system, or The waters above the firmament, the world record scientifically explained. Pasadena, Annular World.
- ^ Cardona, Dwardu (April 1996). "The Reflective Canopy Model and the Mytho-historical Record". Aeon. 4 (4).
- ^ Vail, Isaac N. (1902) [1874]. The Waters Above the Firmament, or The Earth's Annular System. The Mosaic Record Scientifically Explained (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Ferris & Leach.
- ^ Vail, Isaac N. 1874. The Earth's Aqueous Ring: or The Deluge and its Cause, F. S. Hickman Publishers, West Chester, PA.
- ^ Wise, Donald U. (1998). "Creationist Geologic Time Scale: an attack strategy for the sciences". Tufts University. Archived from the original on 2019-09-17. Retrieved 2019-10-30. which is an expanded version of Wise, Donald U. (1998) "Creationism's Geologic Time Scale", American Scientist, v. 86, p. 160-173.
- ^ McIver, Tom (1 January 2001). "Whence the Flood Waters?". Retrieved 30 October 2019. from McIver, Tom. "Whence the Flood Waters?". Skeptic. 8 (4): 76.
- ^ M. James Penton (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. pp. 196–197, 429–430. ISBN 978-0-8020-7973-2.
- ^ "Does Science Contradict the Genesis Account?". Awake!: 18–20. September 2006.
- ^ Williams, William F. (2013). Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy. Taylor & Francis. p. 343. ISBN 978-1-135-95529-8.
- ^ Chapman, Clark R.; David Morrison (2013). Cosmic Catastrophes. Springer. p. 209. ISBN 978-1-4899-6553-0.
- ^ Gardner, Martin (1957). Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science. New York: Dover. p. 128.
- ^ Albright, Jane (22 July 2016). "Vapor Canopy and the Hydroplate Theory (Albright's Flood Models Controversy Series) (text and audio)". Real Science Radio.