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International Office of Public Hygiene

The International Office of Public Hygiene (OIPH), also known by its French name as the Office International d'Hygiène Publique (OIHP), was an international organization founded 9 December 1907 and based in Paris, France.[1] It merged into the World Health Organization in 1946.[2][3][4]

Office International d'Hygiène Publique
1907–1946
Emblem used by the OIHP, depicting Hygieia of OIHP
Emblem used by the OIHP, depicting Hygieia
StatusFormer international organization
Administrative center195 boulevard Saint-Germain, Paris
48°51′17″N 2°19′31″E / 48.8548078°N 2.3252548°E / 48.8548078; 2.3252548
Official languagesFrench
Recognized languagesFrench
History 
• Arrangement of Rome
9 December 1907
• Dissolution
22 July 1946
 Succeeded by
World Health Organization

It is the world's first universal health organization.[2] Member states exchanged information about the presence and spread of disease, as well as provided recommendations for sanitation.[2] The organization helped restructure public health services in Greece and China in the late 1920s.[2]

History

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It was created to oversee international rules regarding the quarantining of ships and ports to prevent the spread of plague and cholera, and to administer other public health conventions,[5] leading to engage on other epidemics, and the collection of broader epidemiological data on various diseases, as well as issues such as the control of medicinal opium, cannabis, and other drugs,[6] the traumas created by World War I, etc.[5] 

The idea to establish an international office for the purpose of acquiring and disseminating information about communicable diseases such as cholera and yellow fever was first proposed in 1903 at the International Sanitary Convention in Paris. The French government assumed the responsibility of drafting a proposal for establishing an organization and the final draft was submitted in August 1907. A following conference was held in Rome on December 3, of that same year, and in attendance were delegates from Belgium, Brazil, British India, Egypt, France, Great Britain, Holland, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, and the United States. After some modifications, all delegates except from Romania, signed the organic statutes on December 9.[7]

  November 4, 1908, a committee composed of members from each country that ratified the document met at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Paris. This would be the blueprint of the body’s permanent form. Its responsibilities were to create the bureau, draw up its regulations, supply its expenses, and direct its first operations.[8]

The OIHP was part of the complex structure known as the Health Organization (Organisation d'Hygiène) of the League of Nations,[9] in an often-competing, and sometimes collaborative relation with the League of Nations' Health Committee.[10]

The OIHP was dissolved by protocols signed 22 July 1946[11] and its epidemiological service was incorporated into the Interim Commission of the World Health Organization on 1 January 1947. However, the OIHP remained in existence legally until 1952.

In 1930, the Permanent committee for the OIHP played a role in addressing an outbreak of plague at various ports along the Mediterranean coast. In response to this outbreak, the committee first requested information regarding antiplague vaccine distribution regarding the type and quantity of vaccines distributed. The office also tasked a commission with developing a serum that could identify various bacterias.[12]

 
Organisational chart of international organizations as of 1930[13]

Organisation

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The OIHP was managed by a "Permanent Committee" chaired successively by Rocco Santoliquido (1908-1919), Oscar Velghe (1919-1932), George S. Buchanan (1932-1936).[14][15][7] Important personalities were taking part in the work of the OIHP such as Camille Barrère.

As of 1933, the OIHP was composed of the following contracting parties:[14]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Markel, H. (2014). "Worldly approaches to global health: 1851 to the present". Public Health. 128 (2): 124–128. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2013.08.004. PMID 24412079.
  2. ^ a b c d Allen, Charles E. (1950). "World Health and World Politics". International Organization. 4 (1): 28–30. doi:10.1017/S0020818300028630. ISSN 1531-5088.
  3. ^ Beigbeder, Yves (2015-12-14), "Chapitre I. Les origines historiques de l'OMS", L’Organisation mondiale de la santé, International, Genève: Graduate Institute Publications, pp. 1–7, ISBN 978-2-940549-29-0, retrieved 2022-09-06
  4. ^ Johnson, Steven (2021). Extra Life (1st ed.). Riverhead Books. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-0-525-53885-1.
  5. ^ a b Iriye, Akira (2002). Global Community: The Role of International Organizations in the Making of the Contemporary World. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0520231279.
  6. ^ Riboulet-Zemouli, Kenzi; Ghehiouèche, Farid; Krawitz, Michael A. (2022). "Cannabis amnesia – Indian hemp parley at the Office International d'Hygiène Publique in 1935". authorea.com (Preprint). doi:10.22541/au.165237542.24089054/v1 (inactive 1 November 2024). Retrieved 2022-09-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  7. ^ a b "Sir George Seaton Buchanan | RCP Museum". International Office of Public Hygiene. Its Inauguration at Paris, France on JSTOR. (n.d.). www.jstor.org. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4562416?seq=4. Retrieved 2022-01-24. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  8. ^ Grubbs, S. B. (1909). "International Office of Public Hygiene. Its Inauguration at Paris, France". Public Health Reports (1896-1970). 24 (2): 23–28. doi:10.2307/4562416. ISSN 0094-6214. JSTOR 4562416.
  9. ^ "The International Health Organization Of The League Of Nations". The British Medical Journal. 1 (3302): 672–675. 1924. ISSN 0007-1447. JSTOR 20436330.
  10. ^ Howard-Jones, Norman (1979). International public health between the two world wars : the organizational problems. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/39249. ISBN 9241560584.
  11. ^ "Protocol concerning the Office international d'hygiène publique; New York, 22 July 1946". treaties.un.org. United Nations Treaty Collection. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
  12. ^ Permanent Committee of the International Office of Public Hygiene: Special Session of May, 1931. (1931). Public Health Reports (1896), 46(46), 2726–2739.
  13. ^ Grandjean, Martin (2017). "Complex structures and international organizations" [Analisi e visualizzazioni delle reti in storia. L'esempio della cooperazione intellettuale della Società delle Nazioni]. Memoria e Ricerca (2): 371–393. doi:10.14647/87204. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  14. ^ a b Office international d'Hygiène publique (1933). Vingt-cinq ans d'activité de l'Office international d'Hygiène publique (1909-1933) (PDF) (in French). Paris: Office international d'hygiène publique. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-01-26.
  15. ^ "Sir George Buchanan, C.B". Nature. 133 (3355): 242. 1934-02-01. Bibcode:1934Natur.133Q.242.. doi:10.1038/133242a0. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4071333.

[1] Permanent Committee of the International Office of Public Hygiene: Special Session of May, 1931. (1931). Public Health Reports (1896), 46(46), 2726–2739.


 

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