Internal enemy refers to individuals or groups within one country who are perceived as a threat to that country. The distinction between internal and external enemies is discussed in Plato's Republic.[1] Groups considered internal enemies by the countries in which they reside include Kurds in Turkey,[2] Palestinians in Israel,[3] Muslims in Western countries,[4] and political dissidents under Latin American dictators.[5]
In 2015, the Venezuelan National Guard published a procedural manual related to public order which included "guarimberos" as internal enemies of the state.[6][7][8]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Söderbäck, Fanny (2010). Feminist Readings of Antigone. SUNY Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-4384-3279-3.
- ^ Özpek, Burak Bilgehan (2019). "The State's Changing Role Regarding the Kurdish Question of Turkey: From Consistent Tutelage to Volatile Securitization". Alternatives: Global, Local, Political. 44 (1): 35–49. doi:10.1177/0304375419854599. S2CID 198658065.
- ^ FORD †, PHILIP (2015). "Prologue: 'Le langage latin m'est comme naturel': Montaigne and the Trials of Trilingualism". In i. Barta, Peter; Powrie, Phil (eds.). Bicultural Literature and Film in French and English. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315735702. ISBN 978-1-315-73570-2.
- ^ Cesari, Jocelyne (2013). "Muslims as the Internal and External Enemy". Why the West Fears Islam: An Exploration of Muslims in Liberal Democracies. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 1–20. ISBN 978-1-137-12120-2.
- ^ Montealegre, Jorge; Robles, Lena Taub (2013). "Internal Enemies: Facets and Representations under State Terrorism". CR: The New Centennial Review. 13 (1): 189–208. doi:10.14321/crnewcentrevi.13.1.0189. ISSN 1532-687X. JSTOR 10.14321/crnewcentrevi.13.1.0189.
- ^ (Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Venezuela 2020, p. 313)
- ^ Patrones e irregularidades en las investigaciones de las ejecuciones extrajudiciales en el contexto de las protestas masivas en Venezuela [Patterns and irregularities in the investigations of extrajudicial executions in the context of mass protests in Venezuela] (PDF) (in Spanish). Defiende Venezuela. July 2023. p. 8.
- ^ Bolivarian National Guard (1 April 2015). Manual de Normas y Procedimientos Operativos del Servicio De Policía Administrativa Especial y de Investigación Penal en Apoyo a la Administración Pública en Materia de Orden Público [Manual of Operational Standards and Procedures of the Special Administrative and Criminal Investigation Police Service in Support of the Public Administration in Public Order Matters] (in Spanish). pp. 69, 79. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
Sources
edit- Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Venezuela (15 September 2020). Conclusiones detalladas de la Misión internacional independiente de determinación de los hechos sobre la República Bolivariana de Venezuela [Detailed findings of the independent international fact-finding mission on the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela] (PDF) (in Spanish).
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