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Intellectual Mastery of Nature

Intellectual Mastery of Nature: Theoretical Physics from Ohm to Einstein is a two-volume reference work on the history of theoretical physics by Christa Jungnickel and Russell McCormmach that was initially published in 1986 by the University of Chicago Press. The book was well received, and it won the 1987 Pfizer Award, given annually by the History of Science Society.[1] In 2017, the duo released a revised and condensed version of the book through Springer International Publishing, titled The Second Physicist: On the History of Theoretical Physics in Germany. The authors also wrote the 1996 and updated 1999 biography of Henry Cavendish, originally titled Cavendish. The book was given the subtitle The Experimental Life in the revised version of 1999.

Intellectual Mastery of Nature
Cover of volume one
AuthorChrista Jungnickel and Russell McCormmach
LanguageEnglish
Subject
PublisherUniversity of Chicago Press
Publication date
1987
Publication place
Pages
  • 350 + xxvii (vol. 1)
  • 455 + xx (vol. 2)
AwardsPfizer Award (1987)[1]
ISBN0-226-41582-1 paperback
OCLC30711895
530.09034
LC ClassQC7.J86
Identifiers refer to the 1990 reprint unless otherwise noted

Background

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The book draws its name from Hermann von Helmholtz's view that the objective of theoretical physics is "intellectual mastery of nature".[2]

Content

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  • Volume I: The Torch of Mathematics: 1800-1870
  1. Establishing Physics at the Universities
  2. German Physicists Before 1830
  3. Promoting a New Physics: Earth Magnetism at Gottingen
  4. Reforms in Teaching University Physics: Development of the Seminar and the Laboratory in the 1830s and 1840s
  5. Physics Research in "Poggendorff's Annalen" in the 1840s
  6. Connecting Laws: Careers and Theories in the 1840s
  7. Contributions of Mathematicians to Physics: Dirchlet, Riemann, Carl Neumann
  8. Developments in Switzerland and Austria Bearing on German Physics
  9. Physics at German Universities from 1840 to 1870
  10. Physics in Berlin: Relations to Secondary Education
  11. Physics in Munich: Relations to Technology
  12. Kirchhoff and Helmholtz at Heidelberg: Relations of Physics to Chemistry and Physiology
  • Volume 2: The Now Mighty Theoretical Physics: 1870-1925
  1. Physical Research in the Annalen and Other Journals, 1869-1871
  2. Helmholtz, Kirchhoff, and the Physics at Berlin Universities
  3. The Creation of Extraordinary Professorships for Theoretical Physics
  4. Boltzmann at Graz
  5. Electrical Researches
  6. Physical Research in the Annalen and in the Fortschritte
  7. Gottingen Institute for Theoretical Physics
  8. Mechanical Researches and Lectures
  9. Munich Chair for Theoretical Physics
  10. Theoretical Physics at Leipzig
  11. Vienna Institute for Theoretical Physics
  12. New Foundations for Theoretical Physics at the Turn of the Twentieth Century
  13. Institutional Developments, Research, and Teaching in Theoretical Physics after the Turn of the Century
  14. Theoretical Physics Unbound: Examples from the Theories of the Quantum, Relativity, the Atom, and the Universe
  15. The Coming of the New Masters

Reception

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Intellectual Mastery of Nature was met with critical acclaim and won the 1987 Pfizer Award, the highest award offered by the History of Science Society.[3][1] The book was reviewed by John L. Heilbron,[2] Jed Buchwald,[4] I. Bernard Cohen,[5] John Servos,[6] L. Pearce Williams,[7] Nancy J. Nersessian,[8] and Paul Forman.[9] In his 1988 review, Bernard Cohen wrote that the book is "replete with historical insights about science" and represents "a magisterial contribution to social, educational, institutional, and intellectual history and a magnificent portrayal of the actual growth and content of the science with which they are concerned."[5] The book was also reviewed in Science,[10] Nature,[11] The Journal of Higher Education,[12] Minerva,[13] American Scientist,[14] and several others.[15][16][17][18] In a 2017 review of the authors' newer book The Second Physicist, it was remarked that the original was a "monumental" book "which was widely praised and justly given the Pfizer Award".[3]

In his 1986 review, John L. Heilbron wrote that the book "is a unique, important, and rich study" that is "useful to both historians and scientists".[2] The review noted that the book provides a good account of the deeds of "the professors who made theoretical physics" and continued: "This is a considerable achievement, though not the intellectual mastery that the authors promised."[2] The review then goes on to analyse the book by first stating that the first volume "gives a definitive account of the establishment of the institutions of German academic physics," but that it "does not integrate institutional and intellectual aspects of the history and scarcely touches on wider social forces and cultural values."[2] Heilbron also criticised the book's organisation, which, to him, exemplifies the volume's shortcomings.[2] Heilbron notes that the second volume is more successful in this integration than the first.[2] The review closes by stating: "Their stately recount ultimately overwhelms annoyance with the detail, the poor arrangement, and the imperfect integration of their book and leaves the impression that they as well as their subjects engaged in a grand enterprise."[2]

The Second Physicist

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The Second Physicist
AuthorChrista Jungnickel and Russell McCormmach
LanguageEnglish
Subject
PublisherSpringer International Publishing
Publication date
2017
Publication placeSwitzerland
Pages460
ISBN978-3-319-49565-1
OCLC989974696
530.0943
LC ClassQC9.G4
Websitewww.springer.com/gp/book/9783319495644
Identifiers refer to the 2017 eBook edition unless otherwise noted

The Second Physicist: On the History of Theoretical Physics in Germany is a revised and condensed version of Intellectual Mastery of Nature by the same authors that was published by Springer International Publishing in 2017. The book was reviewed in HOPOS in 2019.[3] The first chapter, which is new for this book, is titled "Toward a Characterization of Theoretical Physics in Germany" and contains a discussion on how theoretical physics differs from mathematical and experimental physics.[3] The final chapter of the book, titled "Concluding Observations," is also new and contains a discussion on how theoretical physics evolved from mathematical physics.[3] A review of the book stated that "it is a splendid one-volume history of German theoretical physics in the nineteenth century," though its "appropriate audience" is stated to be "readers with a background in physics and mathematics and an interest in the history of physics".[3] The reviewer went on to write that the work "stands on its own as a model of intellectual clarity" and that he "highly" recommends it "to readers with the requisite background and interest, as well as to other readers who would like to experience something different and really amazing."[3] Jungnickel died before the book was published, and the new material and the updates are credited to McCormmach.[3]

  • Table of contents
  1. Toward a Characterization of Theoretical Physics in Germany
  2. Establishing Physics at the Universities
  3. German Physicists Before and Around 1830
  4. Promoting a New Physics: Earth Magnetism at Gottingen
  5. Reforms in Teaching University Physics: Development of the Seminar and the Laboratory in the 1830s and 1840s
  6. Physics Research in "Poggendorff's Annalen" in the 1840s
  7. Connecting Laws: Careers and Theories in the 1840s
  8. Mathematicians and Physicists
  9. Kirchhoff, Clausius, Weber, and Connectedness
  10. Physical Research in the Annalen and Other Journals Around 1870
  11. Positions in Theoretical Physics
  12. Methods of Theoretical Physics
  13. Ordinary Professorships for Theoretical Physics
  14. Physical Research in the Annalen and in the Fortschritte
  15. Foundations and Connections
  16. Concluding Observations

Publication history

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "Pfizer Award". History of Science Society. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Heilbron 1986
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Deltete, Robert J. (5 December 2018). "Christa Jungnickel and Russell McCormmach, The Second Physicist: On the History of Theoretical Physics in Germany". HOPOS: The Journal of the International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science. 9 (1): 209–211. doi:10.1086/701866. ISSN 2152-5188. S2CID 172027895.
  4. ^ Buchwald 1987
  5. ^ a b Cohen 1988
  6. ^ Servos 1988
  7. ^ Williams 1988
  8. ^ Nersessian 1988
  9. ^ Forman 1991
  10. ^ Turner, R. Steven (1986). "An Epoch in German Physics". Science. 234 (4774): 371–372. doi:10.1126/science.234.4774.371. ISSN 0036-8075. JSTOR 1697775. PMID 17834536.
  11. ^ Harman, Peter (November 1986). "Birth of a separate science". Nature. 324 (6094): 217–218. Bibcode:1986Natur.324..217H. doi:10.1038/324217a0. ISSN 1476-4687.
  12. ^ Lankford, John (March 1988). "Intellectual Mastery of Nature: Theoretical Physics from Ohm to Einstein: Vol. 1, The Torch of Mathematics, 1800-1870". The Journal of Higher Education. 59 (2): 231. doi:10.2307/1981694. JSTOR 1981694.
  13. ^ Crawford, Elisabeth (December 1988). "Competition and Centralisation in German and French Science in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries: The Thesis of Joseph Ben-David". Minerva. 26 (4): 618–626. ISSN 0026-4695. JSTOR 41820821.
  14. ^ Moyer, Albert E. (1987). "Review of Intellectual Mastery of Nature: Vols. 1 and 2. Vol. 1: The Torch of Mathematics, 1800–1870. Vol. 2: The Now Mighty Theoretical Physics, 1870–1925". American Scientist. 75 (3): 294–295. ISSN 0003-0996. JSTOR 27854615.
  15. ^ Cahan 1988
  16. ^ Schweber & Sigurdsson 1989
  17. ^ Vickers, James A. (November 1987). "Intellectual Mastery of Nature: Theoretical Physics from Ohm to Einstein Vol 2 – The Now Mighty Theoretical Physics 1870–1925". Physics Bulletin. 38 (11): 423. doi:10.1088/0031-9112/38/11/026. ISSN 0031-9112.
  18. ^ Schumacher, John A. (July 1988). "Mastery of Nature". Contemporary Sociology. 17 (4): 516–518. doi:10.2307/2072725. ISSN 0094-3061. JSTOR 2072725.

Further reading

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