Wikipedia

Industry in Argentina

With industrial production of USD $79.8 billion in 2023 (19% of GDP), Argentina is the third-largest industrial power in Latin America after Mexico and Brazil.[1] Argentine industry is dominated by food processing, chemicals, motor vehicles, metals, and machinery and equipment, which combined drive over 50% of gross value added in manufacturing.[2]

Argentina has a sophisticated industrial base that includes world-class facilities operated by multinational corporations. Over 30% of Argentine exports by value consist of manufactured goods, of which two-fifths are from sectors defined by the United Nations as medium-high and high technology industries, including chemicals, pharmaceuticals, motor vehicles, machinery, computer equipment, and electronics.[3] Although Argentine manufacturers have been negatively impacted by shortages of foreign currency and imported parts, not to mention decreased demand due to the economic downturn that started in mid-2023, both global and domestic companies continue to invest in Argentine industry given the country's long-term commercial opportunities.

History

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Industrialization proceeded in distinct phases -- each will be covered by the following sections:

Industry pre-1880

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[This section will cover how craft industries in northwest Argentina were the primary form of industrial activity in the country, whereas the Littoral economy was more mercantile in nature.]

Between the 1850s and 1870s Argentina's exports of wool resulted in a period of economic boom, which was disrupted by periods of recession in wool markets first in 1866 and more severely in 1873. After 1873 tariffs were put in place to protect local industries. The manufacture of shoes and furniture was not mechanized and local industry was unable to compete with either the high quality goods imported from Europe, or the least expensive goods produced in mechanized factories in the United States.[4]

Faced with the prospect of default as foreign capital dried up during the recessionary period, the Argentine president Nicolás Avellaneda chose to implement economic reforms by abandoning the gold standard and increasing duties on imported goods leading to a period of import substitution.[4]

Emerging industry 1880-1930

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[This section will cover how food processing centered around Buenos Aires became the first large-scale industry in Argentina. This industry was financed with British capital. The flood of imports caused the craft industry of northwest Argentina to collapse. Immigrants started building small-scale industry in the cities, but these were small enterprises that focused on low-cost goods and faced significant barriers to expansion, especially the lack of credit.]

Industry was dominated by processing of primary goods such as meatpacking and flour milling for export. These sectors were dominated by foreign, especially British, capital.

Small-scale manufacturing for the domestic market was driven by European immigrants at first by low-cost production where transportation costs were high and accelerated with the global goods shortages during World War I.[5]

By the late 1920s, there were already over 50,000 industrial establishments producing approximately 20% of GDP.[5]




As immigration to Argentina increased demand followed. By 1875 Argentina had become a center of British overseas investment. 12 per cent of British capital in Latin America went to Argentina ranking fourth behind Mexico, Brazil and Peru. By 1890 Argentina was first, receiving double what Britain invested in Brazil and Mexico at 35 per cent.[4]

Between 1877 and 1916 large firms were involved with the following industries and goods: chocolate, jam, coffee, biscuits, shoes, glass, paper, textiles, burlap bags, metallurgy, hats, leather. There were also several tanneries in operation during those years.[4] Cigarettes were produced by Nobleza Piccardo, known today as British American Tobacco.

Anverse and reverse of the first Hesperidina bottles, c. 1864.

Beer and breweries were a growing industry in the late 19th century when Emilio Bieckert, a descendant of a beer producing family located near Strasbourg, arrived in Buenos Aires. By 1860 Bieckert was brewing light, golden beer from barley. His initial humble efforts gained him recognition and in Germany his award-winning beer was likened to Pilsner. He also opened the first ice factory in Argentina.[6] In 1864 Melville Sewell Bagley began making an orange peel liquor called Hesperidina.[4]

Three chocolate factories introduced steam-powered production in the 1880s, spurred on by growing aggregate demand, protectionist tariffs and the post-colonial tastes. One confectionary, operated by a Basque businessman, began by selling imported and locally crafted sweets, but later implemented mechanized manufacturing processes to produce wholesale quantities of a single product, a Catalan jellied quince known as dulce de membrillo.[4]

Industry's poor performance during the liberal era was a result of the small internal market, lack of capital and credit for entrepreneurs, and limited protection for domestic manufacturers.[7]

Import substitution era 1930-1975

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[This section will cover the expansion of light industry starting in the 1930s and accelerating under Peron, including Argentina's brief emergence as an exporter of manufactured goods during World War II. Heavy industry arrived in the 1960s and by 1970, Argentina had a modern industrial base that produced steel, petrochemicals, and motor vehicles. However, Argentine industry was inefficient and relied on a protected domestic market. An emphasis on non-traditional exports was successful but costly.]

Industrialization deepened with the onset of the Great Depression and accelerated during World War II due to shortages of imported goods. The most dynamic industries were consumer goods, household electric appliances, and simple machinery and metal products.[5] The Argentine government promoted industries through import restrictions and low-cost credit (often with negative real interest rates) through the Banco Industrial. However, growth constraints emerged by the 1950s as recurring balance of payments crises created shortages of imported equipment and inputs while entrepreneurs faced technological obsolescence and struggled to expand into more complex and higher-value products.

Argentine entrepreneurs responded to global shortages during World War II. Exports of manufactured goods increased from USD $10 million in 1938 (2% of total exports) to USD $131 million in 1946 (11% of total exports). However, this expansion was reversed due to reconstruction of Western European industry and the shift back to civilian production in the United States. By 1949, manufactured exports had fallen to only USD $21 million, comprising 2% of total exports -- the same level as before the war.[8]

Under President Frondizi's developmentalism model, foreign capital and technology were welcomed to build capital-intensive heavy industry. The dynamic sectors during this period were motor vehicles, steel, and petrochemicals. By the early 1970s, Argentina could boast a modern, sophisticated industrial base. However, these industries were inefficient due to lack of scale, extensive vertical integration, and excessive product differentiation.[5] Argentine manufacturing was also characterized by underdeveloped capital goods industries and limited production of intermediate goods such as steel, aluminum, and paper.

With a saturated domestic market and the need to generate foreign currency, successive Argentine governments starting in the mid-1960s promoted industrial exports through financial incentives and managed trade agreements. Exports of manufactured goods increased from USD $250 million in 1970 (14% of total exports) to USD $1.9 billion in 1980 (23% of total exports).[9]

Deindustrialization 1975-2002

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[This section will cover the attempts at neoliberal reform starting under Martinez de Hoz and extending through the Menem era.]

The military regime that ruled Argentina from 1976 to 1983 attempted to liberalize the economy. Under Economy Minister José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz, public policy emphasized the sinceramiento of the economy (roughly translated as "making the economy sincere") based on comparative advantage. During the first two years of the military administration, industrial production continued to grow despite a reduction of tariffs from an average of 90% in 1976 to 50% in 1978; historians credit the improved scale and competitiveness during the export promotion era of the early 1970s. However, after 1978, rising interest rates and overvaluation of the peso as part of Martínez de Hoz's anti-inflation strategy resulted in an influx of imported goods that overwhelmed local industry.[5]

Stabilization programs during the 1980s designed to address hyperinflation and the foreign debt crisis led to further deterioration of local industry. Between 1980 and 1990, industrial output decreased by 24% and industrial employment fell by 30%.[5] Industry experienced a "regressive restructuring" that undermined the technology, experience, and human capital accumulated during the four decades of import substitution. Yet even under these challenging conditions, key industrial subsectors continued to expand, particularly in intermediate goods and processing of exported primary goods.

Manufacturing experienced mixed performance during the 1990s. Prior to 1998, high economic growth and regional integration under Mercosur led to a recovery in industrial production and the entry or return of global multinationals such as General Motors and Toyota into local manufacturing. However, even during this more favorable period, growth in manufacturing lagged the overall economy; in particular, the currency overvaluation under the Convertibility Plan led to a loss of competitiveness and a "hollowing out" of small-scale manufacturers. Argentine industry was pummeled by the 1995 "Tequila" crisis in 1995, the 1999 currency devaluation in Brazil, and the 2001-2002 economic crisis as the Convertibility system collapsed.

Modern Industry 2003-2024

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[This section will cover the extensive protectionism under the Kirchners that resulted in distortions such as the electronics industry in Tierra del Fuego. Industry did expand, driven by growth in consumer spending. But the outlook is uncertain today under Milei's shock therapy, a potential Mercosur-EU trade deal, and questions on what a more market-driven economic structure would look like for Argentina.]

Sectors

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Argentine industry is dominated by two major sectors – food, beverages, and tobacco; and chemicals and petroleum products – that reflect the country's comparative advantage in agriculture and energy. Combined, these two sectors drove 55% of total industrial production in 2023.[2] A further 30% of total industrial production was generated by three additional sectors – motor vehicles; metal products; and machinery and equipment – that are considered strategic and enjoy substantial protection from global competition.

Food, beverages, and tobacco

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With Argentina ranking as one of the world's leading food suppliers, food processing is the country's dominant industrial activity. In 2023, the sector was responsible for over 30% of total industrial production and 9% of GDP.[2] Furthermore, manufactured goods of agricultural origin drove 36% of total exports and generated a USD $10 billion trade surplus in 2023.

Soybean crushing is a high-profile export-oriented industry vertical. Due in part to tax incentives, over 80% of Argentina's soybean harvest is processed into soybean meal and oil (as opposed to being sold as unprocessed beans) vs. 60% in the United States and 35% in Brazil. As a result, Argentina is typically the world's top exporter of soybean co-products with 40-50% global market share.[10] Over 300 oilseed crushing plants operate in the country with 80% of processing capacity located near the city of Rosario.[11] Top players in the sector include locally-owned Aceitera General Deheza, Vicentín, and Molinos agro, and multinationals Bunge, Cargill, Louis Dreyfus Company, and Viterra (whose Argentine plant is the largest soybean crushing facility worldwide[12]).

Beef processing was historically focused on exports but until the 2024 economic downturn, 85% of production was destined for the domestic market.[13] Of the approximately 450 slaughter plants that operate in Argentina, only one third possess the required international certifications to be eligible to export[14] and the industry is periodically subject to export bans aimed at reducing domestic beef prices.[15] Yet Argentina remains the world's fifth largest beef exporter. The two largest beef exporting companies in Argentina are Brazilian agribusiness giants JBS and Marfrig, which together control over 30% of the country's export capacity. The largest locally-owned processors include Frigorífico Gorina, ArreBeef, Friar, EcoCarnes, and La Anónima, which combined control an additional 40% of export capacity.[16]

Similarly, Argentina was once a leading exporter of wheat flour but today over 90% of production is consumed domestically;[17] at the same time, Argentina remains the world's seventh largest exporter of wheat flour.[18] Approximately 180 flour mills operate in the country with the 10 largest facilities accounting for approximately 50% of total production; 90% of capacity is located in the provinces of Buenos Aires, Córdoba, and Santa Fe.[19] Over 100 of these mills were installed between 2001 and 2014, which has resulted in low capacity utilization and profitability in the sector.[20]

Consumer food and beverage production in Argentina is predominantly oriented to the domestic market. Leading locally-owned companies in this segment are Molinos Río de la Plata, which owns a diversified portfolio of local food brands, and Grupo Arcor, a confectionery producer. Global multinationals are active in the sector and have acquired many top local brands such as Quilmes beer (owned by Ambev) and La Serenísima dairy products (owned by Danone). However, there are instances where Argentine companies have acquired foreign-owned brands, such as Molinos Río de la Plata's purchase of the Sibarita frozen pizza brand from Canadian multinational McCain Foods in September 2024.[21]

Chemicals and petroleum derivatives

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Producers of chemicals, refined petroleum products and other fuels, plastics, pharmaceuticals, and household soaps and detergents generated almost 25% of total industrial production (equivalent to 7% of GDP) in 2023. In addition, the sector generated USD $5.5 billion in exports, or 8% of the country's total in 2023.

Chemicals and petrochemicals

According to Argentina’s chemical and petrochemical industry association (Cámara de la Industria Química y Petroquímica) the 180 companies operating in the sector directly employ 64,000 workers.[22] YPF and Pampa Energía are the top local companies in the sector; multinationals operating in Argentina include Dow Chemical, BASF, and Bunge. The sector is well represented outside of the country's dominant industrial centers with major facilities in Bahía Blanca and the provinces of San Luis, Mendoza, and Neuquén.

Argentina exported USD $4.5 billion in chemical products in 2023; however, the sector generated a USD $7.3 billion trade deficit since local production only covers 60% of market needs. The Vaca Muerta shale formation, which contains the world's second largest unconventional natural gas and fourth largest unconventional petroleum reserves,[23] represents an opportunity for Argentina to become a net exporter of chemical products. Industry leaders report that the quality and price of Argentine natural gas is ideal for the chemicals industry and would alleviate feedstock shortages throughout Latin America; however, the pipelines and other infrastructure necessary to transport shale gas to industrial centers are still in development.[24]

A key recent investment was the expansion of global chemicals company Evonik's biofuels facility in Rosario announced in July 2024 to increase production capacity by 50% and enable exports to Brazil.[25] However, other multinationals are downsizing or leaving Argentina entirely. Dow Chemical announced the closure of its petrochemicals plant at San Lorenzo (Santa Fe province) due to the facility's low utilization rate and excess global supply of its key product, polyether polyols.[26] Canadian fertilizer producer Nutrien announced its plan to divest its Argentine fertilizer business in April 2024, although the company did not disclose its intentions for Profertil, a joint venture with YPF that produces urea and ammonia for the agrichemicals market.[27]

Petroleum refining and other fuels

Refining is dominated by four large companies -- Axion Energy (subsidiary of BP), Raízen (subsidiary of Shell), Trafigura, and YPF. Local companies Refinor, Refisan (subsidiary of Perez Companc), and Destilería Argentinas de Petróleo also operate in the space. The industry typically supplies 80% of domestic demand for gasoline and diesel.[28] Significant investments in refinery modernization have been made in recent years, including a recently completed USD $1.5 billion project by Axion to expand capacity and reduce sulfur dioxide emissions by 99% at its Campana facility,[29] an ongoing USD $600 million investment by YPF to expand capacity and produce low sulfur fuels at its Luján de Cuyo facility,[30] and a USD $600 million plant modernization announced by Raízen in April 2024.[31]

Argentina’s biofuels sector is relatively small with production of 1.12 billion liters of bioethanol and 1.65 billion liters of biodiesel per year[32] compared to 31.66 billion liters of bioethanol and 6.37 billion liters of biodiesel in Brazil.[33] 60% of Argentina’s bioethanol is corn-based; the remainder is made from sugarcane with 12 major production facilities located in the provinces of Salta, Tucumán, and Jujuy; biodiesel is predominantly made from soybeans. Although biofuels production has been stagnant in recent years, the sector may return to growth due to a USD $200 million investment by Grupo Bahía Energía announced in October 2024 to build Argentina’s first sustainable aviation fuel plant that will use corn-based ethanol.[34]

Pharmaceuticals

Pharmaceuticals drive 5% of total industrial production. Argentina has over 200 pharmaceutical plants with 43,000 employees. Over USD $800 million of production is exported to neighboring Latin American countries every year. Local companies such as Roemmers and Elea Phoenix dominate the industry; only two of Argentina’s top 10 pharmaceutical companies by revenue are subsidiaries of foreign multinationals (Sanofi and Bayer).[35]

Plastics

[To be added]

Soaps, detergents, and personal care products

The soaps and detergents market is dominated by Unilever, which was estimated in 2013 to hold a 70% market share in Argentina.[36] Procter & Gamble, which sold its Argentine operations to local consumer products company Grupo Newsan, held a 20% share. Grupo Queruclor is the largest locally-owned company in the space with 2% market share; in 2014, the company expanded by acquiring a portfolio of brands from Colgate-Palmolive.[37] The Clorox Company sold its Argentine brands and production facilities to investment firm Apex Capital in 2024.[38]

Motor vehicles

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See Automotive Industry in Argentina

The automotive sector is the third-largest industrial subsector, driving 10% of total industrial production, 10% of total exports, and 3% of GDP in 2023. Twelve global multinationals operate assembly plants in Argentina with over 25,000 employees. An additional 48,000 Argentines were employed by 200+ auto parts manufacturers.

Argentina's automotive supply chain is strongly integrated with its Brazilian counterpart under Economic Complementarity Agreement (ECA) 14, a managed trade agreement that guarantees a share of bilateral production to each country. When ECA 14 was last renewed in 2019, the two countries committed to implementing free trade in motor vehicles by 2029.[39] Brazil and Argentina entered a separate agreement in August 2022 to remove a key non-tariff barrier related to vehicle safety certifications in both countries.[40]

Despite the economic downturn, global automakers have announced large capital investments in Argentina. In February 2024, Toyota announced a USD $50 million investment to produce the Hiace utility vehicle at its plant in Zárate, creating 100 local direct and indirect jobs.[41] Mercedes-Benz announced construction of a new bus and truck plant, also in Zárate, in March 2024; this new plant will complete the company's USD $110 million investment cycle initiated in 2021.[42] Stellantis announced USD $270 million in investment at its El Palomar factory in April 2024[43] and a further USD $385 million at its Ferreyra facility in September 2024.[44] Speculation has emerged about a potential investment by Tesla due to postings by Elon Musk on X such as “My companies are actively looking for ways to invest in and support Argentina”; however, no formal announcements have been made to date.[45]

Metals

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The metals sector drove 10% of industrial production and 3% of GDP in 2023.

s

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Aluar has 2,000 employees and annual production capacity of 460,000 tons

https://www.bis.doc.gov/index.php/232-aluminum-public-comments/1956-aluar-alum-public-comment-pdf/file


Steel giant Acindar, a subsidiary of ArcelorMittal, suspended production nationwide for a month in March 2024 due to the sudden decrease in demand.[46] A three week suspension was announced for its Villa Constitución plant in Santa Fe province in June 2024; the company also disclosed that its total production would decrease from 1.2 million tons in 2023 to only 600,000 tons in 2024.[47]

Local steel company Sidersa announced in June 2024 that it would invest USD $300 million investment in a next-generation steel mill in San Nicolás. The new plant will create 300 new jobs and is expected to export 30% of its production.[48]

Aluminum producer Aluar announced a USD $400 million investment to expand a wind farm near its Puerto Madryn plant in Chubut province in August 2024.[49]

Machinery and equipment

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Agricultural equipment

Argentina has a thriving agricultural equipment sector that employs 47,000 skilled workers and is the main source of employment in small rural areas.[50] Over 700 companies, which include both multinationals such as John Deere and CNH as well as an ecosystem of SMEs, produce farm machinery and inputs in Argentina, supplying 80% of local demand.[51] Almost 90% of these companies are located in the provinces of Córdoba, Santa Fe, and Buenos Aires. In addition, Argentina has a successful cluster of over 20 companies that provide global markets with farm machinery electronics and software.[50]

Despite a strong rebound in agricultural production in 2024, the sector has not been immune to Argentina's economic downturn. The industry association for agricultural equipment manufacturers, Asociación de Fábricas Argentinas de Tractores y otros equipamientos Agrícolas e Industriales (AFAT), disclosed that its members suffered a 50% drop in production during the first six months of 2024.[52]

As a result, John Deere announced layoffs amid protracted wage negotiations at its main plant in Granadero Baigorria in Santa Fe province.[53]

At the same time, PLA, an Argentina sprayer and planter manufacturer acquired by John Deere in 2018, announced a USD $15 million investment in March 2024 to expand production capacity at its Las Rosas plant by 50%.[54]

Consumer electronics

Approximately 95% of the cell phones, televisions, air conditioners and microwaves sold Argentina are made in Tierra del Fuego province due to generous tax exemptions introduced by the military government in 1972 and import restrictions implemented by the Kirchner administration in 2009.[55] Locally-owned such as Grupo Newsan, Mirgor, and employ 8,500 workers in the Tierra del Fuego Free Zone and an additional 500 workers in other provinces to assemble consumer electronics under license using imported parts. In 2023, the sector produced 2.4 million television sets, 9.8 million mobile phones, and 1.5 million air condioners.[56]

However, there are product segments where Argentine manufacturing is regionally competitive, including home appliances where Whirlpool opened a USD $52 million facility in October 2022 to manufacture front-loading washing machines with plans to export 70% of its output to Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia.[57]

Key challenges

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[This section will cover issues facing Argentine industry such as low productivity, foreign currency shortages, macroeconomic instability, reliance on protectionism, low investment in R&D, oligopolies, public policy, and poor infrastructure]

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Argentine manufacturers have been badly impacted by the recent economic crisis, with the national statistics agency reporting that industrial production decreased by 14.8% in May 2024 vs. May 2023. The decline was broad-based with electronics and tools production down by 28%, motor vehicles down 19%, and metals and machinery down 17% vs. a year earlier.[58]

Collapsing demand in Argentina's domestic market has hurt locally-owned small and medium sized industrial enterprises. In a May 2024 survey conducted by the Industriales Pymes Argentinos association, 70% of respondents described their situation as "bad" or "very bad", with 55% expecting conditions to worsen over the next 12 months.[59] The head of the Cámara de la Industria de la Indumentaria, a textile industry association, estimated in March 2024 that 160 textile manufacturers had closed since the beginning of the year in the province of Santa Fe alone, eliminating over 100,000 jobs.[60] The suspension of all federal public works contracts has similarly hurt businesses in the construction supply chain, including asphalt and concrete manufacturers.[61]

The food sector has seen Argentina's two largest corporate bankruptcies. Molino Cañuelas, Argentina's largest flour producer, has operated under bankruptcy protection since 2019; as of August 2024, creditors were reviewing the company's latest proposal to restructure USD $1.2 billion in debt.[62] Vicentin, once considered a "crown jewel" of the soybean processing industry, defaulted on USD $1.5 billion in debt in 2019 amid allegations of financial impropriety by its controlling shareholders;[63] as of September 2024, an Argentine court was reviewing a rescue proposal by agribusiness giants Bunge Global and Viterra.[64]

Large industrial groups have resorted to layoffs and production shut-downs. Steel producer Acindar (a subsidiary of ArcelorMittal) suspended production at its five plants for one month in March 2024.[65] Production at the General Motors plant near the city of Rosario was halted for two months at the start of 2024.[66] Other multinationals, including Clorox,[67] Procter & Gamble,[68] and Canadian fertilizer company Nutrien[69] are divesting local production operations entirely due to the challenging business environment.

However, even in the midst of this severe downturn, Argentina's industrial sector continues to attract greenfield foreign direct investment, particularly in the automotive sector.

Local financing markets have reopened for Argentine manufacturers as well. Recent bond sales include a USD $50 million raise by Mirgor, a producer of consumer electronics and auto parts,[70] USD $30 million by Aluar, Argentina’s largest aluminum producer,[71] and USD $73 million by food processor Arcor.[72] Meanwhile, USD $30 million and USD $70 million in bonds were sold by the local subsidiaries of agricultural equipment multinationals John Deere[73] and CNH[74] respectively. These financings carry significant currency risk for the issuers given that with the exception of Arcor the bonds have all been dollar-denominated or dollar-linked. Yet the availability of capital is an encouraging sign for Argentine industry.

To encourage further investment, the Milei administration implemented Decree 749/2024, which authorizes the regulatory framework known as RIGI (Régimen de Incentivo para Grandes Inversiones or Incentive Regime for Large Investments).[75] RIGI tax, customs, legal, and foreign currency benefits are being offered to targeted industrial sectors, including steel, petrochemicals, infrastructure, electric and hybrid vehicles, biotechnology, nanotechnology, and defense manufacturing.[76] Foreign officials have responded positively to the RIGI, with U.S. Undersecretary of State for Economic Growth, Energy and Environment, José W. Fernández remarking that “a company that is considering a major investment spoke very favorably” of the new regime.[77]

See also

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References

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