Igor Dmitrievich Sergun (Russian: И́горь Дми́триевич Сергу́н, IPA: [ˈiɡərʲ ˈdmʲitrʲɪjɪvʲɪtɕ sʲɪrˈɡun]; 28 March 1957 – 3 January 2016) was Director of GRU, Russia's military intelligence service, from 2011 until his death in January 2016. He was promoted to colonel general on 21 February 2015.
Igor Sergun | |
|---|---|
Игорь Сергун | |
 Official portrait, 2015 | |
| Director of Russian Military Intelligence | |
| In office 26 December 2011 – 3 January 2016 | |
| Preceded by | Alexander Shlyakhturov |
| Succeeded by | Igor Korobov |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Igor Dmitrievich Sergun 28 March 1957 Podolsk, Moscow Oblast, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |
| Died | 3 January 2016 (aged 58) Moscow, Russia |
| Awards |  Order of Military Merit Order of Honour Medal for Battle Merit Medal "In Commemoration of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow" Jubilee Medal "60 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR" Jubilee Medal "70 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR" Medal "For Impeccable Service" |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Soviet Union (before 1991) Russia (1991–2016) |
| Branch/service | Armed Forces of the Russian Federation |
| Years of service | 1973–2016 |
| Rank | Colonel general |
| Battles/wars | Cold War First Chechen War Kosovo War Second Chechen War Annexation of Crimea Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War |
Biography
editIgor Sergun was born on 28 March 1957 in Podolsk, Moscow Oblast. He completed the Moscow Suvorov Military School and the Moscow Higher Military Command School. He was in active military service from 1973, in the GRU from 1984.
There is no information in the public domain on him participating in the Soviet military campaign in Afghanistan in the 1980s, or in the Chechen Wars in the 1990s, or any other actual combat.[1]
In 1998, Sergun had a rank of colonel and served as military attaché in Tirana, Albania.[2]
On 26 December 2011, Sergun was appointed Director of GRU, which had in 2010 received a new official name, the Main Directorate of the General Staff. He also became Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
He was promoted to Lieutenant-General by a presidential decree on 31 August 2012 and Colonel General on 21 February 2015.[3]
In 2014, Sergun was put on the sanction lists of the EU and the U.S. as a person ″responsible for the activity of GRU officers in Eastern Ukraine″.[4][3]
He was last spotted by media at Bocharov Ruchey, as one of the Russian delegation for negotiations with King Abdullah II of Jordan, on 24 November 2015.[5]
GRU Director
editBackground
edit
Perceived poor performance of the GRU in the Russo-Georgian War, the rivalry amongst Russia's intelligence services as well as the overall reform of the Russian Armed Forces initiated in the late 2000s under the Defence Minister Anatoliy Serdyukov led to the downsizing and reduced standing of the GRU and eventual dismissal of the GRU chief Valentin Korabelnikov in April 2009 over his publicly voiced disagreement with the reforms.[6][7] In October 2010, the Defence Ministry announced that the GRU Spetsnaz would be subordinated to the operational-strategic commands, in other words it would be transferred from the General Staff to the Ground Forces[8][9][10] Russia's internal security service, the FSB, which Vladimir Putin as former head thereof had a special interest in, along with the external service, the SVR, were encroaching on the GRU's turf.[11]
The dismissal of Serdyukov as Minister of Defense in November 2012, after he was exposed as having used the army to build a private road, boosted morale and signaled a return to high military spending; Spetnaz units are believed to have been given priority in making improvements.[12] [13]
Political turmoil in Russia and Ukraine and inter-agency rivalry
editThe beginning of Sergun's tenure as the GRU chief coincided with the start of mass protests in December 2011, which were being promoted in online social media and which Vladimir Putin accused the U.S. secretary of state Hillary Clinton of inciting.[14][15] The FSB's inability to comprehend high tempo social-media agitation cost it some of the favour with Putin. Although the former head of GRU cyberwarfare was responsible for revealing FSB technical support of Shaltai Boltai (supposed anti-establishment hacking group that exposed the Internet Research Agency) as far as is known the IRA, which dates from the mass 2011–2013 Russian protests and disrupts social media comment threads critical of Putin, had never been run by the GRU.[16][17][18][19] So called "Psychographics" and data mined targeting of advertisements as used by Cambridge Analytica was not practiced by the IRA, and its output in English has been characterized as the stilted product of a "troll farm" although that term has been criticized as failing to convey sophisticated manipulation by a foreign state.[20][21][22]
With the annexation of Crimea and the speed and efficiency of the "little green men" took control, it was taken as evidence that Main Directorate operations, technology, signals, and security had drastically improved.[23] Under the previous GRU Director, Valentin Korabelnikov, there was criticism of a focus on kinetic operations rather than gathering intelligence, but as the political situation deteriorated for Russia in Ukraine, and the FSB analysis that rebellion across the Donbas region could be autarkical proved faulty, the Main Directorate Spetsnaz troops became an indispensable cadre for the insurgency.[1] Apart from the use of drones for real time reconnaissance and artillery strike, Unit 26165 is thought to have interfered with Ukrainian communications.[24][25] Sergun supervised the deniable undercover units that America struggled to find an effective response to.[26] The local partisan-proxies and Russian artillery were utilized in a combination of low intensity and siege warfare "to transfer military power into political progress, while obfuscating the associated cost" as in the Second Battle of Donetsk Airport.[1][27][28]
Sergun and his U.S. counterparts
editIn the opinion of Peter Zwack, who from 2012 until 2014 served as the United States Senior Defense Official and Attache to the Russian Federation,[29] before U.S.–Russia relations deteriorated drastically in early 2014, Sergun made efforts to promote MI to MI contacts between Russia and the U.S., which during 2012 and 2013 included meetings between U.S. and Russian intelligence chiefs from strategic regional and global commands that took place in cities across Russia.[30]
In June 2013, Sergun hosted Michael Flynn, then the Director of the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency, at GRU headquarters, where Flynn gave a lecture to GRU officers and took questions and was entertained at a formal dinner.[30][31]
Death and tributes
editOn 4 January 2016, the web site of the Russian president released a short excerpt of President Vladimir Putin's telegram[32][33] that expressed condolences to Sergun's relatives; the telegram was published by the Interfax news agency, which, citing the Kremlin's press service, also said that Sergun had "died unexpectedly on 3 January 2016, aged 59", without citing place and cause of death.[34] BBC's report on his death said that "circumstances of his death [were] not clear" and quoted experts who credited him with the GRU having "recovered some of its former prestige", which had been reduced by drastic cuts to the service shortly before he took over.[1] Two publications by the Russian tabloid Komsomolskaya Pravda posted on 4 January, without reference to sources, in their subtitles, cited Moscow and heart attack for place and cause of death.[35][36]
A source in the General Staff cited by the Russian daily Kommersant credited Sergun with leaving behind an "exceedingly effective and balanced directorate".[37]
In May 2016, he was posthumously awarded the title of the Hero of the Russian Federation.[38]
Questions over location of death
editTwo days after his death, the U.S.-based global intelligence company Stratfor questioned the official version of Sergun's death citing an unattributed report that alleged he had died on New Year's Day in Lebanon.[11] In early March 2016, a similar theory was suggested by the Lebanese daily Al Akhbar that alleged Sergun was killed when on a visit to Beirut in a "complicated secret mission" carried out by unnamed Arab and Middle Eastern intelligence agencies.[39][40] His death was cited as one in a series of "dozens of high-profile" Russian officials' (as well as Putin critics') sudden deaths, such as Vitaly Churkin's (February 2017), in "the past three years in Russia and abroad in suspicious circumstances" in a publication by USA Today of 2 May 2017.[41] The Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov dismissed such media reports as rumours.[42]
During a 24 January 2017 questioning by FBI agents at the White House, then-U.S. National Security Advisor Michael Flynn said "he called Ambassador Kislyak following Sergun's death in Lebanon".[43] After Flynn's FBI interview summary was released on 17 December 2018,[44] the Russian Defense Ministry issued a denial that Sergun had died in Lebanon, calling the story "conspiracy nonsense".[45]
State awards
edit- Order of Military Merit
- Order of Honour
- Medal for Battle Merit
- Medal "In Commemoration of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow"
- Jubilee Medal "60 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
- Jubilee Medal "70 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
- Medal "For Impeccable Service", 1st class
- Medal of the Order "For Merit", 2nd class
- Medal "For strengthening of the state system of protection of information", 2nd class
- "Medal "Participant of Operation March-Shot Bosnia-Kosovo 12 June 1999"
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d Russian GRU military spy chief Igor Sergun dies BBC, 5 January 2016.
- ^ Сергун Игорь Дмитриевич: Начальник ГРУ Генерального штаба ВС РФ—заместитель начальника Генерального штаба ВС РФ с 26.12.2011
- ^ a b Умер начальник ГРУ Игорь Сергун rbc.ru, 4 January 2016.
- ^ COUNCIL IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) No 433/2014 of 28 April 2014
- ^ Начальнику ГРУ хотели изменить место смерти с Подмосковья на Ливан: В Генштабе опровергают сообщение Stratfor Kommersant, 8 January 2018.
- ^ Минобороны потопило Корабельникова: Начальник ГРУ ушел со скандалом gazeta.ru, 24 April 2009.
- ^ Валентин Корабельников уволен с поста начальника ГРУ Генштаба Radio Liberty, 25 April 2009.
- ^ McDermott, Roger (2 November 2010). "Bat or Mouse? The Strange Case of Reforming Spetsnaz". Jamestown. Jamestown.org. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
- ^ Russian intelligence is at (political) war Nato Review, 12.05.2017
- ^ SPETSNAZ: Russia’s Special Forces. By Mark Galeotti (2015) OSPREY.ISBN 978-1-4728-0722- 9. Chapter: The GRU Embattled
- ^ a b Diary, Geopolitical (6 January 2016). "A Mysterious Death Raises Questions in Russia". Stratfor. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
- ^ https://www.thedailybeast.com/germany-helped-prep-russia-for-war-us-sources-say Germany Helped Prep Russia for War, U.S. Sources Say Germany Helped Prep Russia for War, U.S. Sources Say Daily Beast, 22 April 2014.
- ^ Obama White House archive June 24, 2010 U.S.-Russia Relations: “Reset” Fact Sheet
- ^ Herszenhorn, David M.; Ellen Barry (8 December 2011). "Putin Contends Clinton Incited Unrest Over Vote". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
- ^ Julia Ioffe. What Putin Really Wants The Atlantic, January/February 2018.
- ^ Russia's 'Humpty Dumpty' hackers: What were they trying to do?
- ^ FROM INTERNET BRIGADES TO TROLL FACTORIES
- ^ NYT G.R.U., Russian Spy Agency Cited by Mueller, Casts a Long Shadow
- ^ "Internet Troll Operation Uncovered in St. Petersburg", The St. Petersburg Times, by Sergey Chernov, 18, September,2013
- ^ The Atlantic, Jan 2018 What Putin Really Wants by Julia Ioffe, Retrieved 8/17/2018
- ^ CNN Stop calling them 'Russian troll farms' Joshua A. Geltzer, 18 August 2018.
- ^ Spectator British data crucher who say they helped Donald Trump win
- ^ https://www.thedailybeast.com/germany-helped-prep-russia-for-war-us-sources-say Germany Helped Prep Russia for War, U.S. Sources Say Daily Beast, 22 April 2014.
- ^ March 29 2017 The Russian Artillery Strike That Spooked The U.S. Army Mystics & Statistics, The Dupuy Institute.
- ^ Kuzmenko, Oleksiy; Cobus, Pete. "Cyber Firm Rewrites Part of Disputed Russian Hacking Report". VOA. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
- ^ Putin’s Revenge PBS International.
- ^ The Reemergence of the Siege: An Assessment of Trends in Modern Land Warfare by Major Amos C. Fox, U.S. Army Land power Institute.
- ^ Amos C. Fox. THE RUSSIAN–UKRAINIAN WAR: UNDERSTANDING THE DUST CLOUDS ON THE BATTLEFIELD Modern War institute, 17 January 2017.
- ^ Peter Zwack
- ^ a b Peter Zwack.Death of the GRU Commander Defense One, 1 February 2016.
- ^ Michael Flynn: new evidence spy chiefs had concerns about Russian ties: US and UK officials were troubled by Moscow contacts and encounter with woman linked to Russian spy agency records The Guardian, 31 March 2017.
- ^ Sonne, Paul (4 January 2016). "Russia's Director of Military Intelligence Dies Unexpectedly". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
- ^ Соболезнования родным и близким Игоря Сергуна Kremlin.ru, 4 January 2017.
- ^ Путин выразил соболезнования в связи с кончиной главы ГРУ Игоря Сергуна Interfax, 4 January 2017.
- ^ Офицеры России прощаются с главным военным разведчиком Игорем Сергуном: Он ушёл из жизни в 58 лет после инфаркта Komsomolskaya Pravda, 4 January 2016.
- ^ Сергей Степашин, экс-премьер России - об Игоре Сергуне Komsomolskaya Pravda, 4 January 2016.
- ^ Разведка среди своих: Кто может заменить Игоря Сергуна на посту начальника ГРУ Kommersant, 11 January 2016.
- ^ Сирия добавила России героев: Два заместителя Сергея Шойгу награждены за операцию на Ближнем Востоке Kommersant, 4 May 2016.
- ^ "Russian military intelligence chief killed in secret operation in Lebanon, report". Ya Libnan. 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
- ^ Groisman, Maayan (3 March 2016). "Report: Russia's military intelligence chief killed in secret operation in Lebanon". The Jerusalem Post.
- ^ "Suspicious Russian deaths: Sacrificial pawns or coincidence?", USA Today, 2 May 2017.
- ^ Diplomacy, Politics (4 March 2016). "Kremlin gives no comment to Lebanese media version of death of Russian intelligence chief". TASS. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
- ^ Начальник ГРУ Сергун умер в Ливане, сказал бывший советник Трампа на допросе в ФБР BBC, 18 December 2018.
- ^ Jurecic, Quinta (17 December 2018). "Document: Special Counsel Releases Flynn 302". Lawfare. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
- ^ "Russia's Defense Ministry refutes media reports on GRU chief's death in Lebanon" (in Russian). TASS. 18 December 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.