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Ibeji (known as Ibejí, Ibeyí, or Jimaguas in Latin America) is the name of an Orisha representing a pair of divine twins in the Yoruba religion of the Yoruba people (originating from Yorubaland, an area in and around present-day Nigeria). In the diasporic Yoruba spirituality of Latin America, Ibeji are syncretized with Saints Cosmas and Damian. In Yoruba culture and spirituality, twins are believed to be magical, and are granted protection by the Orisha Shango. If one twin should die, it represents bad fortune for the parents and the society to which they belong. The parents therefore commission a babalawo to carve a wooden Ibeji to represent the deceased twin, and the parents take care of the figure as if it were a real person. Other than the sex, the appearance of the Ibeji is determined by the sculptor. The parents then dress and decorate the ibeji to represent their own status, using clothing made from cowrie shells, as well as beads, coins, and paint.
| Ibeji | |
|---|---|
Twins, Duality, Joy, Mischief, Abundance, Children | |
| Member of Orisha | |
 Pair of Ibeji, authenticated by the Department of Antiquities of Nigeria | |
| Other names | Ibeji or Ibeyi; Jimaguas |
| Venerated in | Yoruba religion, Umbanda, Candomble, Santeria, Haitian Vodou, Folk Catholicism |
| Symbol | Twins |
| Region | Nigeria, Benin, Latin America |
| Ethnic group | Yoruba |
Ibeji figures are admired by tribal art collectors and many have made their way into western collections. The world's largest collection of Ibejis is at The British Museum, London.
The firstborn of the twins is known as Taiwo while the second one is called Kehinde. In Yoruba culture the second twin is considered the elder twin; the reason for this is that Taiwo is sent by Kehinde to judge if the world is fit and beautiful before he/she descends, in accordance with Yoruba belief.
Books
edit- Bruno Claessens, "Ere Ibeji: African Twin Statues", Delft 2013, ISBN 9789038922027
- Chemeche, G. "Ibeji: The Cult of Yoruba Twins". 5 Continents Editions. 2006. ISBN 978-8874390601
- Fausto Polo, "Encyclopedia of the Ibeji", Ibeji Art, 2008, ISBN 9781606438145
See also
editReferences
edit- "The Yoruba". Lewis/Wara Gallery. 1995. Archived from the original on 2008-08-21. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
- Mobolade, Timothy (1971). "Ibeji Custom in Yorubaland". African Arts. 4 (3): 14–15. doi:10.2307/3334423. JSTOR 3334423.
- Leroy, Fernand; Taiwo Olaleye-Oruene; Gesina Koeppen-Schomerus; Elizabeth Bryan (April 2002). "Yoruba Customs and Beliefs Pertaining to Twins". Twin Research. 5 (2): 132–136. doi:10.1375/1369052023009. PMID 11931691.
- Ray, Benjamin C. Notes from "African Art: Aesthetics and Meaning" art exhibit. Bayly Art Museum, University of Virginia. January 25 – August 15, 1993.
- "Ibeji Archive". the web-site containing the largest existing collection of photos of Ibeji.
- Chemeche, George (2006). et al. Ibeji : The Cult of Yoruba Twins. George Chemeche. ISBN 9788874390601.
- White, Anthony (2010). "The Trouble with Twins: Image and Ritual of the Yoruba ÈRe ÌBejì". Electronic Melbourne Art Journal (5). doi:10.38030/emaj.2010.5.3.
- Oyinloye, Michael Abiodun (August 2022), "Preserving Culture and Heritage of the Yoruba of Southwest Nigeria: An Ethnographic Study of the Twin Figure (Ere Ibefi).", Journal of Arts & Humanities, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 22, doi:10.38030/emaj.2010.5.3
- Adewumi, Kehinde (2022). "If Bronze, Why Not Wood? A Case for the Repatriation of the Yoruba Ere Ibeji". African Journal of Inter/Multidisciplinary Studies. 4 (1): 30–39. doi:10.51415/ajims.v4i1.954. ProQuest 2705827933.