Hypo helmet

Hypo helmet
Hypo helmet
	Indian troops wearing Hypo helmets in a posed photograph, August 1915
Type	Gas mask
Place of origin	Dominion of Newfoundland
Service history
In service	1915–1918
Used by	United Kingdom; India; Dominion of Newfoundland
Wars	World War I
Production history
Designer	Cluny Macpherson
Designed	1915
No. produced	2,500,000

The Hypo helmet, or British Smoke Hood (its official name), was an early British World War I gas mask, designed by Cluny Macpherson.^[1]

Background

The German army used poison gas, in the form of chlorine, for the first time against Triple Entente troops at the Second Battle of Ypres, Belgium, on 22 April 1915.^[2] The British began issuing cotton wool wrapped in muslin to its troops by 3 May.^[3] This was followed by the Black Veil Respirator, invented by John Scott Haldane, which began to be issued to troops on 20 May 1915. The Black Veil was a cotton pad soaked in an absorbent solution which was secured over the mouth using black cotton veiling.^[4] The veiling could be drawn up to cover the eyes, providing some protection against lachrymatory agents but the mask still provided little protection against chlorine gas.^[5] It was also of fragile construction, required training to use and largely immobilised men during a gas attack as they were concerned about their mask coming loose.^[6]

Design

Seeking to improve on the Black Veil Respirator, the Newfoundland Dr. Cluny Macpherson, serving as Principal Medical Officer for a regiment created a mask from chemical absorbing fabric which fitted over the head.^[7] MacPherson had seen a German soldier putting a bag over his head after a gas attack and sought to replicate the design.^[8] Macpherson presented his idea to the War Office Anti-Gas Department on 10 May 1915, with prototypes being developed soon after.^[9] The design was adopted by the British Army and introduced as the "British Smoke Hood" in June 1915 and manufactured until September 1915.^[10] 2.5 million masks were manufactured before being superseded.

The helmet was a 50.5 cm × 48 cm (19.9 in × 18.9 in) canvas hood treated with chlorine-absorbing chemicals, fitted with a single rectangular mica eyepiece.^[11]^[a] It was a khaki-coloured flannel bag soaked in a solution of glycerin and sodium thiosulphate. The soldier placed it over his head and tucked the bottom into his tunic. The wearer relied upon power of his lung to breath through the bag fabric.

Later versions

This primitive type of mask went through several stages of development before being superseded in 1916 by the canister gas mask.^[12] More elaborate sorbent compounds were added later to further iterations of the helmet (P Helmet and PH helmet), to defeat other respiratory poison gases used such as phosgene, diphosgene and chloropicrin.

Notes

^ The Provincial Museum of Newfoundland and Labrador at The Rooms, St. John's has the prototype of Macpherson's hood as well as later version gas masks with box respirators worn by soldiers in battle.^[11]

References

^ "The Apparatus Of Gas Warfare On The Western Front In The Great War". The Western Front Association. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
^ "Second Battle of Ypres Begins". history.com. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
^ Cook 1998, p. 8.
^ Wetherell & Mathers 2007, p. 157.
^ Spiers 2017, p. 156.
^ Cook 1998, pp. 9–10.
^ Lefebure 1923, p. 122.
^ "History of the U.S. Army's protective mask" (PDF). Fort Eustis, Virginia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2006. Retrieved 20 January 2008.
^ Mayer-Maguire & Baker 2015.
^ "Biographical entry Macpherson, Cluny (1879 - 1966)". Plarr's Lives of the Fellows. Royal College of Surgeons. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
^ ^a ^b "Macpherson Gas Hood . Accession #980.222". The Rooms Provincial Museum Archives (St. John's, NL). Archived from the original on 4 July 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
^ "The UK". The Gas Mask Database. Archived from the original on 15 June 2007.

Bibliography

Cook, Tim (1998). "Through Clouded Eyes: Gas Masks and the Canadian Corps in the First World War". Material History Review. 47 (Spring ed.): 4–18. ISSN 1927-9264.
Lefebure, Victor (1923). The Riddle of the Rhine: Chemical Strategy in Peace and War. The Chemical Foundation. ISBN 0-585-23269-5.
Mayer-Maguire, Thomas; Baker, Brian (2015). British Military Respirators and Anti-Gas Equipment of the Two World Wars. Marlborough: Crowood Press. ISBN 978-1-84797-887-5.
Spiers, Edward M. (2017), "The Gas War, 1915–1918: If not a War Winner, Hardly a Failure", in Friedrich, Bretislav; Hoffmann, Dieter; Renn, Jürgen; Schmaltz, Florian; Wolf, Martin (eds.), One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences, Springer, pp. 153–178, ISBN 978-3-319-51663-9
Wetherell, Anthony; Mathers, George (2007), "Respiratory Protection", in Marrs, Timothy; Maynard, Robert; Sidell, Frederick (eds.), Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment, New York: Wiley, pp. 157–174, ISBN 978-0-470-01359-5