Humberto Álvarez Machaín is a physician from Guadalajara, Mexico, who was accused of aiding the torture and killing of the United States Drug Enforcement Administration agent Enrique Camarena Salazar in February 1985. He was acquitted of the charges.
Humberto Álvarez Machaín | |
|---|---|
| Born | |
| Occupation | Physician |
| Known for | Accused and acquitted for the murder of Enrique Camarena Salazar |
Abduction
editAfter Mexican officials refused to extradite Álvarez without an advance payment of $50,000, the DEA paid local contacts a total of $50,000 to abduct Álvarez into the United States. On April 2, 1990, five to six armed men abducted Álvarez from his office in Guadalajara to a house in Guadalajara. Álvarez claims that he was injected with a sedative and electrically shocked through the soles of his shoes. He was later flown to El Paso, Texas and arrested by federal agents.[1]
In 1990, a federal prosecutor in Los Angeles confirmed that Álvarez had been captured in Mexico by bounty hunters seeking a reward offered by the US government, which gave rise to concerns over the legality of his apprehension.[2] The DEA continued to deny news reports that it had offered a reward of as much as $100,000 for the capture of Álvarez.[2]
In 1992, the Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Alvarez-Machain that the forced abduction of a person from another country (in violation of extradition treaties) does not prevent them from being tried in the United States. The abduction and Supreme Court ruling were publicly opposed by Mexico, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Denmark, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Iran, Jamaica, Malaysia, Nicaragua, Spain, Switzerland, Uruguay, Venezuela, the Organization of American States, the Caribbean Community, and the Group of Rio.[1] In 1993, the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention found that Alvarez Machaín's imprisonment was arbitrary, because it lacked legal basis.[3]
Trial and acquittal
editÁlvarez was indicted by a federal grand jury in Los Angeles in 1990 for alleged complicity in the kidnapping, torture and murder of Camarena Salazar and his pilot Alfredo Zavala-Avelar in Guadalajara, Mexico, in February 1985.[4] The U.S. District Court for the Central District of California issued a warrant for Álvarez's arrest after his indictment.
Álvarez was tried for Camarena's kidnapping, torture and murder in 1992. After the presentation of the government's case, the district court judge granted Álvarez's motion for judgment of acquittal on the ground of insufficient evidence to support a guilty verdict. The district court specifically concluded that the government's case was based on "suspicion and hunches, but no proof" and that the theory of the prosecution's case was "whole cloth, the wildest speculation".[5] As a result, Álvarez was repatriated to Mexico.
Lawsuit against the United States
editIn 1993, Álvarez initiated a civil action in the United States District Court for the Central District of California, alleging numerous constitutional and tort claims arising from his abduction, detention, and trial.[6] Sosa[clarification needed], Gárate[clarification needed], five unnamed Mexican nationals, the United States and four DEA agents were listed as defendants.[7] The district court ruled in favor of Álvarez in the amount of $25,000, and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed Sosa's liability on appeal.
The U.S. Supreme Court granted certiorari (a review) on December 1, 2003, to determine the issue of whether Álvarez was entitled to remedy, pursuant to the Alien Tort Statute.[8] The Supreme Court held that an illegal detention of a single day did not constitute a sufficient harm for relief.[9]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Zaid, Mark S. (Spring 1997). "Military might versus sovereign right: the kidnapping of Dr. Humberto Alvarez-Machain and the resulting fallout" (PDF). Houston Journal of International Law. Archived from the original on September 19, 2020. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
- ^ a b Shenon, Philip (April 21, 1990). "U.S. Says It Won't Return Mexican Doctor Linked to Drug Killing". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 17, 2013. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
- ^ "Report of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention E/CN.4/1994/27". United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention. December 17, 1993. Archived from the original on February 27, 2023. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
The detention of Humberto Alvarez Machaín is declared to be arbitrary, being in contravention of article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and article 9 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and principle 2 of the Body of Principles adopted by the General Assembly in resolution 43/173, and falling within category I of the principles applicable in the consideration of cases submitted to the Working Group.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Alvarez-Machain v. United States, 331 F.3d 604, 610 (9th Cir. 2003). Álvarez was charged with committing and conspiracy to commit violent acts in furtherance of racketeering activity (18 U.S.C. §§ 371, 1959 (2000)); kidnapping and conspiracy to kidnap a federal agent (18 U.S.C. § 1201(a)(5)); and felony murder of a federal agent (18 U.S.C. §§ 1111(a), 1114).
- ^ Alvarez-Machain v. United States, 331 F.3d 604, 610 (9th Cir. 2003).
- ^ Alvarez-Machain, 331 F.3d at 610. Alvarez's complaint alleged claims sounding in: (1) kidnapping; (2) torture; (3) cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; (4) arbitrary detention; (5) assault and battery: (6) false imprisonment; (7) intentional infliction of emotional distress; (8) false arrest; (9) negligent employment; (10) negligent infliction of emotional distress; and (11) violations of the Fourth, Fifth and Eighth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution.
- ^ Id. at 610.
- ^ Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain, 540 U.S. 1045 (2003) (order granting petition for certiorari).
- ^ Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain, 542 U.S. 692 (2004)