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Ollanta Humala

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"Humala" redirects here. For other uses, see Humala (disambiguation).

Ollanta Moisés Humala Tasso[a] (Latin American Spanish: [oˈʝanta mojˈses uˈmala ˈtaso]; born 27 June 1962) is a Peruvian politician and former military officer who served as President of Peru from 2011 to 2016. Originally a socialist and left-wing nationalist, he is considered to have shifted towards neoliberalism and the political centre during his presidency.[1][2]

Ollanta Humala
Humala in 2016
58th President of Peru
In office
28 July 2011 – 28 July 2016
Prime Minister
See list
Vice PresidentFirst Vice President
Marisol Espinoza
Second Vice President
Omar Chehade (2011 – 2012)
Vacant (2012 – 2016)
Preceded byAlan García
Succeeded byPedro Pablo Kuczynski
President of the Peruvian Nationalist Party
Incumbent
Assumed office
26 August 2016
Preceded byNadine Heredia
In office
3 October 2005 – 30 December 2013
Preceded byOffice created
Succeeded byNadine Heredia
Additional positions
President pro tempore of the Union of South American Nations
In office
29 June 2012 – 30 August 2013
Preceded byFernando Lugo
Succeeded byDési Bouterse
President pro tempore of the Pacific Alliance
In office
3 July 2015 – 1 July 2016
Preceded byEnrique Peña Nieto
Succeeded byMichelle Bachelet
Personal details
Born (1962-06-27) 27 June 1962 (age 62)
Lima, Peru
Nationality Peruvian
Political partyPeruvian Nationalist Party
Other political
affiliations		Peru Wins (2010–2012)
Union for Peru (2006)
Spouse
​
(m. 1999)​
Children3
Alma materChorrillos Military School (BS)
Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (MA)
Signature
Military service
Allegiance Peru
Branch/service Peruvian Army
Years of service1981–2005
RankLieutenant colonel
Battles/warsInternal conflict in Peru
Cenepa War

Born to a prominent political family affiliated with the ethnocacerist movement, Humala is the son of famed Quechua labour lawyer Isaac Humala. Humala entered the Peruvian Army in 1981, eventually achieving the rank of lieutenant colonel. During his time in the military, he fought in the internal conflict against left-wing terrorist group Shining Path as well as in the Cenepa War with neighboring Ecuador. In October 2000, Humala attempted an unsuccessful coup d'etat against President Alberto Fujimori during the dying days of his regime;[3] eventually, the Congress of the Republic of Peru granted him amnesty and Humala was allowed to return to military duty.[4]

In 2005, Humala entered electoral politics, founding the Peruvian Nationalist Party (PNP) in order to run in the 2006 Peruvian general election. Having received first place in the first round, he faced former centre-left president and Peruvian Aprista Party nominee Alan García in the second round, ultimately losing by a narrow margin. His campaign received widespread international attention in 2006 given the pink tide in Latin America.[5] In the 2011 Peruvian general election, he narrowly defeated Keiko Fujimori in the runoff.

To assuage fears of potential radical policies, Humala began his term by choosing centrists for positions in his cabinet.[6] Humala's unpopular presidency was dominated by corruption scandals surrounding him and his politically influential wife Nadine Heredia.[7][8] Environmentalists were highly critical of Humala's mining policies, and argued that he reneged on his campaign promise to rein in mining companies.[9][10]

In 2017, Humala was arrested by Peruvian authorities on corruption charges.[11] Humala attempted a political comeback in the 2021 presidential election, but only received 1.5% of the vote, finishing in 13th place.[12][13]

Early life, family, and education

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Humala was born in Lima, Peru on 27 June 1962. His father Isaac Humala, who is of Quechua ethnicity, is a labour lawyer, member of the Communist Party of Peru – Red Fatherland, and ideological leader of the Ethnocacerista movement. Ollanta's mother is Elena Tasso, from an old Italian family established in Peru at the end of the 19th century.[14] He is the brother of Antauro Humala, who later served a 25-year prison sentence for kidnapping 17 police officers for 3 days and killing 4 of them in the Andahuaylas uprising and whose party Union for Peru was involved in the removal of former President Martín Vizcarra in 2020,[15] and professor Ulises Humala.[16] Humala was born in Peru and attended the French-Peruvian school Franco-Peruano, and later the "Colegio Cooperativo La Union," established by part of the Peruvian-Japanese community in Lima.

He began his military career in 1980 when he entered the Chorrillos Military School, like his brother Antauro (who had done so a year earlier). In 1983, he was a student at the School of the Americas (SOA), in the cadet combat course. He graduated as an Artillery lieutenant on 1 January 1984, forming part of the "Heroes of Pucará and Marcavalle" class.

In 1997, he earned the graduate diploma of PADE in Business Administration from ESAN Graduate School of Business. In 2001, he completed a master's degree at the Center for Higher National Studies (CAEN) in National Defense and in 2002, he successfully completed a master's degree in political science at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru.

Military career

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In his military career, Humala was also involved in the two major Peruvian conflicts of the past 20 years, the battle against the insurgent organization Shining Path and the 1995 Cenepa War with Ecuador. In 1991, with the rank of captain, Humala served in Tingo María, Huanuco fighting the remnants of the Shining Path and in 1995 he served in the Cenepa War on the border with Ecuador.[17]

2000 uprising

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Main article: Locumbazo

In October 2000, Humala led an uprising in Toquepala[18] against Alberto Fujimori on his last days as president due to multiple corruption scandals. The main reason given for the rebellion was the capture of Vladimiro Montesinos, former intelligence chief who had fled Peru for asylum in Panama after being caught on video trying to bribe an opposition congressman. The return of Montesinos led to fears that he still had much power in Fujimori's government, so Humala and about 40 other Peruvian soldiers revolted against their senior army commander.[19] Montesinos claims that the uprising facilitated his concurrent escape.[20]

Many of Humala's men deserted him, leaving him only 7 soldiers. During the revolt, Humala called on Peruvian "patriots" to join him in the rebellion, and around 300 former soldiers led by his brother Antauro answered his call and were reported to have been in a convoy attempting to join up with Humala. The revolt gained some sympathy from the Peruvian populace with the influential opposition newspaper La República calling him "valiant and decisive, unlike most in Peru". The newspaper also had many letters sent in by readers with accolades to Ollanta and his men.[19]

In the aftermath, the Army sent hundreds of soldiers to capture the rebels. Even so, Humala and his men managed to hide until President Fujimori was impeached from office a few days later and Valentín Paniagua was named interim president. Finally, on 10 December, both brothers surrendered, being transferred to Lima, where they surrendered to the Second Judicial Zone of the country. The opening of the process was ruled for rebellion, sedition and insult to the superior. The lawyer Javier Valle Riestra requested an amnesty for the Humala, alleging that they had exercised the "right to insurrection against an illegitimate and totalitarian government." On 21 December 2000, Congress granted them the requested amnesty, which was extended to military and civilian personnel who participated in the insurrection and Humala was allowed to return to military duty.[4]

Post-Fujimori regime

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He was sent as military attaché to Paris, then to Seoul until December 2004, when he was forcibly retired. His forced retirement is suspected to have partly motivated an etnocacerista rebellion of Andahuaylas[3] led by his brother Antauro Humala in January 2005.[21]

In 2002, Humala received a master's degree in political science from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru.[22]

Political career

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2006 presidential campaign

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Main article: 2006 Peruvian general election

In October 2005 Humala created the Partido Nacionalista Peruano (the Peruvian Nationalist Party) and ran for the presidency in 2006 with the support of Union for Peru (UPP).

Ambassador Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, the former Peruvian Secretary-General of the United Nations and founder of UPP, told the press on 5 December 2005, that he did not support the election of Humala as the party's presidential candidate. He said that after being the UPP presidential candidate in 1995, he had not had any further contact with UPP and therefore did not take part in choosing Humala as the party's presidential candidate for the 2006 elections.[23][24]

There were some accusations that he incurred in torture, under the nom de guerre "Capitán Carlos" ("Captain Carlos"), while he was the commander of a military base in the jungle region of Madre Mia from 1992 to 1993. His brother Antauro Humala stated in 2006 that Humala had used such a name during their activities.[25][26] Humala, in an interview with Jorge Ramos, acknowledged that he went under the pseudonym Captain Carlos but stated that other soldiers went under the same name and denied participation in any human rights abuses.[27]

On 17 March 2006, Humala's campaign came under some controversy as his father, Issac Humala, said "If I was President, I would grant amnesty to him (Abimael Guzmán) and the other incarcerated members of the Shining Path". He made similar statements about amnesty for Víctor Polay, the leader of the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, and other leaders of the MRTA. But Ollanta Humala distanced himself from the more radical members of his family during his campaign.[28][29][30] Humala's mother, meanwhile, made a statement on 21 March calling for homosexuals to be shot.[31]

Ollanta Humala's brother, Ulises Humala, ran against him in the election, but was considered an extremely minor candidate and came in 14th place in the election.

On 9 April 2006, the first round of the Peruvian national election was held. Humala came in first place getting 30.62% of the valid votes,[32] and immediately began preparing to face Alan García, who obtained 24.32%, in a runoff election on 4 June. Humala campaigned in Trujillo, an eminently Aprista city, during the last week of April. Starting in May, he visited the department of Ayacucho and then the city of Puno. On 9 May, he met again with Bolivian President Evo Morales, in the border town of Copacabana and received the support of the aforementioned president.

Different Peruvian media opposed to Ollanta Humala, indicated at a certain point that the Canarian journalist Ramón Pérez Almodóvar would be advising the presidential candidate for the second electoral round,[33] an accusation that was denied by the journalist, although he admitted that he was participating in the campaign. .

On 20 May 2006, the day before the first presidential debate between Alan García and Ollanta Humala, a tape of the former Peruvian intelligence chief Vladimiro Montesinos was released by Montesinos' lawyer to the press with Montesinos claiming that Humala had started the 29 October 2000 military uprising against the Fujimori government to facilitate his escape from Peru amidst corruption scandals. Montesinos is quoted as saying it was a "farce, an operation of deception and manipulation".

 
Geographic distribution of Second Round votes, by winning candidate.
  Alan García, >2/3 of valid votes
  Alan García, <2/3 of valid votes
  Ollanta Humala, >2/3
  Ollanta Humala, <2/3

Humala immediately responded to the charges by accusing Montesinos of being in collaboration with García's Aprista Party with an intention to undermine his candidacy. Humala is quoted as stating "I want to declare my indignation at the statements" and went on to say "Who benefits from the declarations that stain the honor of Ollanta Humala? Evidently they benefit Alan García".[34][35][36] In another message that Montesinos released to the media through his lawyer he claimed that Humala was a "political pawn" of Cuban President Fidel Castro and Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez in an "asymmetric war" against the United States. Montesinos went on to state that Humala "is not a new ideologist or political reformer, but he is an instrument".[37]

On 24 May 2006, Humala warned of possible voter fraud in the upcoming second round elections scheduled for 4 June. He urged UPP supporters to register as poll watchers "so votes are not stolen from us during the tabulation at the polling tables." Humala went on to cite similar claims of voting fraud in the first round made by right-wing National Unity candidate Lourdes Flores when she told reporters that she felt she had "lost at the tabulation tables, not at the ballot box". When asked if he had proof for his claims by CPN Radio Humala stated "I do not have proof. If I had the proof, I would immediately denounce those responsible to the electoral system". Alan García responded by stating that Humala was "crying fraud" because the polls show him losing the second round.[38]

On 4 June 2006, the second round of the Peruvian elections were held. With 77% of votes counted and Humala behind García 45.5% to 55.5% respectively, Humala conceded defeat to Alan García and congratulated his opponent's campaign stating at a news conference "we recognise the results...and we salute the forces that competed against us, those of Mr Garcia".[39]

Post-election

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On 12 June 2006, Carlos Torres Caro, Humala's vice presidential running mate and elected Congressman for the Union for Peru (UPP), stated that a faction of the UPP would split off from the party after disagreements with Humala to create what Torres calls a "constructive opposition". The split came after Humala called on leftist parties to form an alliance with the UPP to become the principal opposition party in Congress. Humala had met with representatives of the Communist Party of Peru – Red Fatherland and the New Left Movement.[40] Humala stated that the opposition would work to "make sure Garcia complies with his electoral promises" and again stated that he would not boycott García's inauguration on 28 July 2006.[41][42]

On 16 August 2006, prosecutors in Peru filed charges against Humala for alleged human rights abuses including forced disappearance, torture, and murder against Shining Path guerillas during his service in San Martín.[43][44] Humala responded by denying the charges and stating that he was "a victim of political persecution". He said the charges were "orchestrated by the Alan Garcia administration to neutralize any alternative to his power".[45]

2011 election

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Main article: 2011 Peruvian general election
 
Humala with his wife

Humala ran again in the Peruvian general election[46] on 10 April 2011, with Marisol Espinoza his candidate for First Vice President and Omar Chehade as Second Vice President.

For these elections, he formed the electoral alliance "Gana Peru", around the already existing Peruvian Nationalist Party. Later, he signed a political agreement with several left-wing parties such as the Peruvian Communist Party, the Socialist Party, the Revolutionary Socialist Party, the Socialist Voice Political Movement, and an important sector of the Lima for All Political Movement.

Humala was in first place in the first round held on 10 April, obtaining 31.72% of the total valid votes. Because he did not manage to exceed 50% of the valid votes, he went on to a second round with the candidate Keiko Fujimori, which took place on 5 June.

On 19 May, at National University of San Marcos and with the support of many Peruvian intellectuals and artists (including Mario Vargas Llosa with reservations), Ollanta Humala signed the "Compromiso en Defensa de la Democracia".[47][48] He campaigned as a center-left leader with the desire to help to create a more equitable framework for distributing the wealth from the country's key natural resources, with the goal of maintaining foreign investment and economic growth in the country while working to improve the condition of an impoverished majority.

Going into the 5 June runoff election, he was polling in a statistical tie with opponent Keiko Fujimori.[49] He was elected the 94th president of Peru with 51.5% of the vote.

Three days after his election, Humala undertook a Latin American tour to meet with the heads of state of Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, the United States, Venezuela, Mexico and Cuba.

Presidency (2011–2016)

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Main article: Presidency of Ollanta Humala
 
Humala meets with Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda in Tokyo, 9 May 2012

After the news of the election of Ollanta as president the Lima Stock Exchange experienced its largest drop ever,[50][51][52] though it later stabilised following the announcement of Humala's cabinet appointees, who were judged to be moderate and in line with continuity.[citation needed] However he was also said to have inherited "a ticking time bomb of disputes stemming in large part from objections by indigenous groups to the damage to water supplies, crops and hunting grounds wrought by mining, logging and oil and gas extraction" from Alan Garcia.[53] Though he promised the "poor and disenfranchised" Peruvians a bigger stake in the rapidly growing national economy, his "mandate for change...[was seen as] a mandate for moderate change"; his moderation was reflected in his "orthodox" cabinet appointees and his public oath on the Bible to respect investor rights, rule of law and the constitution.[54] He was sworn in on 28 July 2011.

As part of his "social inclusion" rhetoric during the campaign, his government, led by Prime Minister Salomon Lerner Ghitis, established the Ministry of Development and Social Inclusion in order to coordinate the efficacy of his social programmes. Lerner Ghitis later resigned on 10 December 2011, and was succeeded by Óscar Valdés Dancuart.[55]

On 23 July 2012, Juan Jiménez Mayor became president of a new ministerial cabinet, the third in less than a year.[56]

On 24 July 2013, with the appointment of three new ministers (Mónica Rubio García in Development and Social Inclusion, Magali Silva in Foreign Trade and Tourism, and Diana Álvarez Calderón in Culture), it was achieved, for the first time in the history of Peru, gender equality in the formation of a ministerial cabinet (9 men and 9 women, apart from the prime minister).

On 31 October 2013, César Villanueva, who until then served as president of the Regional Government of San Martín, was sworn in as the fourth President of the Council of Ministers of the Humala government.[57]

On 24 February 2014, the fifth ministerial cabinet was sworn in, chaired by René Cornejo, who until then had served as Minister of Housing, Construction and Sanitation. After two unsuccessful attempts, this cabinet finally won the vote of confidence in Congress, in the session held on 17 March.

On 22 July 2014 René Cornejo resigned, being replaced by Ana Jara Velásquez, who until then was the head of the Ministry of Labor and Employment Promotion, an office that was taken over by the ruling congressman Fredy Otárola Peñaranda. With only these changes, the sixth cabinet of the government of President Humala was sworn in.

On 30 March 2015, the full Congress censured Prime Minister Ana Jara and her entire cabinet, with 72 votes in favor, 42 against and 2 abstentions. Something similar had not happened since 1963, when the parliament censured the cabinet chaired by Julio Óscar Trelles Montes. The argument used against Jara was the monitoring of politicians, businessmen and journalists by the National Intelligence Directorate (DINI). Pedro Cateriano replaced Jara as Prime Minister on 2 April 2015.

Originally considered to be a socialist and left-wing nationalist, he is considered to have shifted towards neoliberalism and the political centre during his presidency.[2][1]

Ideology

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Ollanta Humala expressed sympathy for the regime of Juan Velasco Alvarado, which took power in a bloodless military coup on 3 October 1968, and nationalized various Peruvian industries whilst pursuing a favorable foreign policy with Cuba and the Soviet Union.[58]

Main article: Foreign policy of Ollanta Humala

During his presidential candidacy in 2006 and his run for the presidency that he ultimately won in 2011, Humala was closely affiliated with other pink tide leaders in Latin America in general and South America in particular. Prior to taking office in 2011, he toured several countries in the Americas where he notably expressed the idea of re-uniting the Peru–Bolivian Confederation. He also visited Brazil, Colombia, the United States, and Venezuela.

Controversies

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In February 2016, amidst the Peruvian presidential race, a report from the Brazilian Federal Police implicated Humala as recipient of bribes from Odebrecht, a Brazilian construction company, in exchange of assigned public works. President Humala rejected the implication and has avoided speaking to the media on the matter.[59][60]

Post-presidency (2016-present)

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Arrest

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Further information: Operation Car Wash

During the Peruvian presidential election in February 2016, a report by the Brazilian Federal Police implicated Humala in bribery by Odebrecht for public works contracts. President Humala denied the charge and avoided questions from the media on that matter.[59][61]

In July 2017, Humala and his wife were arrested and held in pre-trial detention following investigations into his involvement in the Odebrecht scandal.[11][62] On 26 April 2018, by resolution of the Constitutional Court of Peru, he began his process of freedom. Following this, his wife was placed on house arrest while Humala had to report to court monthly.[63]

In January 2019, Peruvian prosecutors stated that they had enough evidence to charge Humala and his wife with laundering money from both Odebrecht and the government of Venezuela.[64][65][66] In May 2019, the Prosecutor's Office requested 20 years in prison for him and 26 years for his wife, Nadine Heredia. The process also reaches several relatives close to the former presidential partner. The case is in prosecution control.[67][68]

Ollanta Humala was investigated under restricted appearance, allegedly accused of money laundering to the detriment of the State and of illicit association to commit a crime, among others.[69] However, Odebrecht's main projects were carried out under the presidencies of Alberto Fujimori and Alan García.[70] In February 2022, Humala and his wife faced trial for alleged money laundering related to Odebrecht, facing accusations that the two received $3 million during the 2006 and 2011 elections.[63] Both denied their involvement.[63]

Publications

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  • Ollanta Humala: From Locumba to Presidential Candidate in Peru (2009)
  • Ollanta Uniting Peru: the great transformation: Peru of all of us: government plan, 2006-2011 (2006) (Collaborator)

Awards and decorations

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Electoral history

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Year Office Type Party Main opponent Party Votes for Humala Result Swing
Total % P. ±%
2006 President of Peru General Union for Peru Alan García Peruvian Aprista Party 3,758,258 30.61% 1st N/A N/A N/A[72]
2006 President of Peru General (second round) Union for Peru Alan García Peruvian Aprista Party 6,270,080 47.37% 2nd N/A Lost N/A[73]
2011 President of Peru General Peru Wins Keiko Fujimori Popular Force 4,643,064 31.72% 1st N/A N/A N/A[74]
2011 President of Peru General (second round) Peru Wins Keiko Fujimori Popular Force 7,937,704 51.44% 1st N/A Won Gain[75]
2021 President of Peru General Peruvian Nationalist Party Pedro Castillo Free Peru 230,831 1.60% 13th N/A Lost N/A[76]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Humala and the second or maternal family name is Tasso.

References

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  1. ^ a b "Peru's Humala reshuffling Cabinet in investor-friendly move". Reuters. 30 October 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  2. ^ a b Cruz, Diego Sánchez dela (6 July 2014). "Ollanta Humala consolida el modelo liberal en Perú". Libre Mercado (in European Spanish). Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  3. ^ a b Diario Hoy, 31 October 2000, PERU, CORONELAZO NO CUAJA
  4. ^ a b Peru.com, Redacción (4 October 2012). "Ollanta Humala recibió perdón del Congreso por levantamiento en Locumba". Peru.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  5. ^ "Peru's Humala is Washington's next "Worst Nightmare"". Institute for Policy Studies. 24 April 2006. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  6. ^ "Leftist Humala picks centrists for Peru Cabinet". Reuters. 21 July 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  7. ^ "First lady drags Peru's President to new public approval low". Perú Reports. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  8. ^ "The Prosecutor Investigating Peru's Powerful First Lady Has Been Fired". www.vice.com. 21 October 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  9. ^ "Anti-mining politician freed from jail in Peru slams government". Reuters. 27 July 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  10. ^ "Peru: Humala Submits to the United States and the Mining Industry". NACLA. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  11. ^ a b McDonnell, Adriana Leon and Patrick J. (14 July 2017). "Another former Peruvian president is sent to jail, this time as part of growing corruption scandal". Los Angeles Times.
  12. ^ PERÚ, NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO (14 April 2021). "Conteo rápido Ipsos al 100% de Elecciones 2021: Pedro Castillo y Keiko Fujimori disputarían segunda vuelta de Elecciones Generales de Perú del 2021 | Perú Libre | Fuerza Popular | Ganadores | Lima | Callao | Departamentos | Regiones | presidente | congresistas | Resultados Elecciones 2021 | pandemia Covid-19 | Presidente del Perú | Congreso | Parlamento Andino | | ELECCIONES-2021". El Comercio (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  13. ^ CORREO, NOTICIAS (12 April 2021). "Flash electoral | Ipsos resultados boca de urna | Conteo rápido | Elecciones generales de Perú de 2021 | ganadores segunda vuelta | Candidatos presidenciales | PERU". Correo (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  14. ^ Justin Vogler (11 April 2006). "Ollanta Humala: Peru's Next President?". upsidedownworld.
  15. ^ "A Notorious Rebel Leader Just Got Peru's President Impeached From Prison". www.vice.com. 12 November 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  16. ^ (in Spanish) (this cannot be correct because the article on Ulises Humala says he is still alive) explored.com.ec, 5 January 2005, Perú: Humala se compara con Chávez y Lucio Gutiérrez Archived 10 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine.]
  17. ^ "Historia de Ollanta" 1 November 2000 BBC Mundo (in Spanish)
  18. ^ "Toquepala Prod. Unaffected by Rebellion". BNamericas. 31 October 2000. Archived from the original on 5 April 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
  19. ^ a b "Bid to end Peru rebellion peacefully" 2 November 2000 BBC News
  20. ^ Libón, Oscar (23 May 2011). "Montesinos: "Levantamiento de Locumba facilitó mi fuga del país"". Correo. Lima. Archived from the original on 28 June 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
  21. ^ (in Spanish) BBC, 4 January 2005, Perú: insurgentes se rinden
  22. ^ "Ollanta Se Reencaucha" 25 April 2002 Caretas magazine
  23. ^ "Ollanta Humala chosen as PNP-UPP presidential candidate" Archived 3 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine 6 December 2005 University of British Columbia-Peru Elections 2006
  24. ^ "Pérez de Cuéllar no avala a UPP" 6 December 2005 Peru 21 (in Spanish) Archived 3 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ (in Spanish), El Universal, 6 February 2006, "Antauro Humala dice que su hermano Ollanta es el 'capitán Carlos'"
  26. ^ Chrystelle Barbier "Le candidat nationaliste péruvien, Ollanta Humala, accusé de «tortures»" 26 February 2006 Le Monde (in French)
  27. ^ Jorge Ramos, "Humala admite que se llamó Cap. Carlos" Archived 30 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine Peru 21
  28. ^ (in Spanish), El Universal, 17 March 2006, "Padre de Ollanta Humala pide amnistía para jefes guerrilleros"
  29. ^ Interview with Ollanta Humala Audio (needs Windows Media Player) (in Spanish) Archived 7 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ^ Press Conference Speech by Ollanta Humala Video (needs Windows Media Player) El Comercio (in Spanish) Archived 8 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  31. ^ "Elena Tasso de Humala, mother of candidate Ollanta Humala, calls for homosexuals to be shot" 23 March 2006.
  32. ^ "Presidential Election Results". Archived from the original on 3 September 2006.
  33. ^ "- EL MUNDO | Suplemento cronica 549 - CON EVO EN SU PISITO". www.elmundo.es. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  34. ^ "Peru Ex-Spy Chief Says Candidate for President Aided His Escape" 21 May 2006 The New York Times
  35. ^ Maxwell A. Cameron "Analysis of Audio Tape by Vladimiro Montesinos Concerning Ollanta Humala" Archived 23 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine 20 May 2006 Peru Election 2006: University of British Columbia
  36. ^ Video of García-Humala Presidential Debate Peruvian National Television Archived 19 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  37. ^ El Universal, 30 May 2006, "Montesinos: Humala is a political "pawn" of Chávez and Castro"
  38. ^ Carla Salazar, "Peruvian Candidate Warns of Voting Fraud" 24 May 2006 CBS News
  39. ^ "Garcia wins to become Peru president" 5 June 2006 Al-Jazeera
  40. ^ Clarín.com (30 January 2006). "El candidato nacionalista peruano Ollanta Humala: 'No soy peligroso'". www.clarin.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  41. ^ "Union for Peru Party Splits in Spat With Humala" 12 June 2006 Bloomberg
  42. ^ "Humala dice que no dará tregua a Alan García" Peru 21 Archived 12 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  43. ^ "Humala facing rights abuse claims" 17 August 2006 BBC News
  44. ^ Greg Brosnan, "Peru nationalist Humala faces human rights charges" 16 August 2006 Reuters
  45. ^ "Humala: I am a Victim of Political Persecution" 1 September 2006 Prensa Latina Archived 12 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  46. ^ "Elecciones Generales 2011: Ollanta Humala paso a Toledo | LaRepublica.pe". Archived from the original on 2 May 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  47. ^ "Vargas Llosa reiteró su respaldo a Ollanta Humala a través de video". El Comercio. Elcomercio.pe. 19 May 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2011.
  48. ^ Mario Vargas Llosa under fire for Peru election endorsement, Rory Carroll, The Guardian, 28 April 2011
  49. ^ "Peru Elections Near: A Look at the Candidates". WOLA, 1 June 2011.
  50. ^ Carroll, Rory; correspondent, Latin America (6 June 2011). "Leftwinger Ollanta Humala's narrow win in Peru unnerves markets". The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com. {{cite news}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
  51. ^ S.A.P, El Mercurio (6 June 2011). "Bolsa de Perú registra la mayor caída de su historia tras el triunfo de Humala - Emol.com". Emol.
  52. ^ "Bolsa de Valores registra la mayor caída en su historia - Perú21". 10 June 2011. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  53. ^ CARLA SALAZAR, Associated Press. "Peru's Garcia leaves conflicts unresolved". Retrieved 30 July 2011.[dead link‍]
  54. ^ Mapstone, Naomi (7 July 2011). "Peru's president to face rebalancing act for rural poor". FT.com. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2011.
  55. ^ "Conozca a los nuevos ministros que conforman el gabinete Valdés | LaRepublica.pe". 12 December 2011. Archived from the original on 12 December 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  56. ^ "Juan Jiménez Mayor juró como primer ministro en reemplazo de Óscar Valdés | El Comercio Perú". 27 July 2012. Archived from the original on 27 July 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
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Articles
Party political offices
New office Leader of the Nationalist Party
2005–present 		Incumbent
New political party Nationalist nominee for President of Peru
2006, 2011 		Succeeded by
New alliance Peru Wins nominee for President of Peru
2011 		Alliance dissolved
Preceded by Nationalist nominee for President of Peru
2021 		Most recent
Political offices
Preceded by President of Peru
2011–2016 		Succeeded by
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by President pro tempore of the Union of South American Nations
2012–2013 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President pro tempore of the Pacific Alliance
2015–2016 		Succeeded by
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