Horseshoe whip snake

Horseshoe whip snake
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Colubridae
Genus:	Hemorrhois
Species:	H. hippocrepis
Binomial name
	Hemorrhois hippocrepis; (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
	Coluber hippocrepis ; Linnaeus, 1758; Natrix hippocrepis ; — Laurenti, 1768; Periops hippocrepis ; — Wagler, 1830; Calopeltis hippocrepis ; — Eichwald, 1851; Zamenis hippocrepis ; — Günther, 1858; Tyria hippocrepis ; — Cope, 1862; Hemorrhois hippocrepis ; — Utiger et al., 2002;

The horseshoe whip snake (Hemorrhois hippocrepis) is a species of snake in the family Colubridae . The species is native to southwestern Europe and northern Africa.

Description

Adults of H. hippocrepis may attain a total length (including tail) of 1.5 m (5 feet). Its body is slender, and its head is wider than its neck. The eye is large, with a round pupil, and with a row of small scales below it. The smooth dorsal scales are arranged in 25-29 rows, and the ventrals number 220–258. Dorsally, it has a series of large spots which are either blackish or dark brown edged with black. There is a series of alternating smaller dark spots on each side. The lighter ground color between the spots may be yellowish, olive, or reddish. The dark spots are closely spaced, giving the appearance of a dark snake with a light pattern resembling a chain or a series of X's. There is a light horseshoe-shaped mark on the neck and back of head.^[4]

Geographic range

H. hippocrepis is found in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia in North Africa, and in southern and central Portugal, southern, eastern and central Spain, Gibraltar, southern Sardinia and Pantelleria Island in Europe. In the island locations, it may have been introduced.^[1] Since the early 2000s it has been reported from Balearic Islands of Mallorca, Ibiza and Formentera. It could have been introduced there by way of old olive trees imported from mainland Spain. The species is thriving there and becomes larger than on the mainland.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

Habitat

The natural habitats of H. hippocrepis are Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation, rocky areas, rocky shores, sandy shores, arable land, pastureland, plantations, rural gardens, and urban areas.^[1]

Reproduction

H. hippocrepis is oviparous.^[3]

Subspecies

Two subspecies are recognized as being valid, including the nominotypical subspecies.^[3]

Hemorrhois hippocrepis hippocrepis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Hemorrhois hippocrepis nigrescens (Cattaneo, 1985) Pantelleria

Nota bene: A trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Hemorrhois.

Conservation status

The horseshoe whip snake is assessed as being of "Least Concern" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature in its Red List of Threatened Species. Its population trend is thought to be steady, and it is able to adapt to modified habitats. Threats it faces include being run over by traffic, poisoned by agricultural chemicals and being captured for use by local snake charmers.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Marc Cheylan, M. Saïd Nouira, Ulrich Joger, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Roberto Sindaco, Antonio Romano (2009). "Hemorrhois hippocrepis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T61509A12495496. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T61509A12495496.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Boulenger GA (1893). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume I. Containing the Families ... Colubridæ Aglyphæ, part. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiii + 448 pp. + Plates I-XXVIII. (Zamenis hippocrepis, pp. 409-410).
^ ^a ^b ^c Species Hemorrhois hippocrepis at The Reptile Database
^ Arnold EN, Burton JA (1978). A Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Britain and Europe. London: Collins. 272 pp., 40 color plates. ISBN 0-00-219318-3. (Coluber hippocrepis, pp. 191, 193-194 + Plate 34, Figure 4).
^ Mar Leza et al, January 2015. “First finding in Mallorca of a horseshoe whip snake Hemorrhois hippocrepis in the stomach contents of a grey heron Ardea cinerea”
^ Ulla Rahn-Huber, 23 July 2020. “The Snakes on Mallorca”
^ Elba Montes et al. Current Zoology, Volume 66, Issue 4, August 2020, Pages 363–371. “Reproduction ecology of the recently invasive snake Hemorrhois hippocrepis on the island of Ibiza”
^ Ellie Shechet, August 24, 2020. “A Plague on Ibiza”