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Demographics of Georgia (U.S. state)

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Georgia is a South Atlantic U.S. state with a population of 10,711,908 according to the 2020 United States census, or just over 3% of the U.S. population. The majority of the state's population is concentrated within Metro Atlanta, although other highly populated regions include: West Central and East Central Georgia; West, Central, and East Georgia; and Coastal Georgia; and their Athens, Columbus, Macon and Warner Robins, Augusta, Savannah, Hinesville, and Brunswick metropolitan statistical areas.

A map of Georgia detailing the population density and distribution (2010)
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
179082,548—
1800162,68697.1%
1810251,40754.5%
1820340,98935.6%
1830516,82351.6%
1840691,39233.8%
1850906,18531.1%
18601,057,28616.7%
18701,184,10912.0%
18801,542,18130.2%
18901,837,35319.1%
19002,216,33120.6%
19102,609,12117.7%
19202,895,83211.0%
19302,908,5060.4%
19403,123,7237.4%
19503,444,57810.3%
19603,943,11614.5%
19704,589,57516.4%
19805,463,10519.0%
19906,478,21618.6%
20008,186,45326.4%
20109,687,65318.3%
202010,711,90810.6%
Sources: 1910–2020[1]

Race and ethnicity

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Since the beginning of the 21st century, Georgia's population has experienced diversification with the decline of its non-Hispanic white population.[2] This diversification has reflected nationwide trends of the United States' population identifying with other races and ethnicities at the 2020 census.[3][4] In 2020, the state's Black and African American population increased by 13%, remaining the second-largest racial and ethnic group; the state's Asian population grew by 53% and its Hispanic and Latino American population increased by 32%. In 2020, the state's foreign born population was 10.4%.[5][6]

The leading countries of origin for immigrants included Mexico, accounting for 25.7 percent of the total immigrant population, followed by India (8.6%), Korea (4.1%), Vietnam (3.5%), and Jamaica (3.2%).[7]

Georgia experienced the second highest growth of its Asian population in the U.S. from 1990 to 2000, more than doubling in that decade. [8] The state also has a significant and diverse Hispanic population, particularly Mexicans and Puerto Ricans. Most of the recent influx of Hispanic, Asian, Caribbean, and Sub-Saharan African residents live in the diverse Atlanta metropolitan area, while the rest of Georgia is mostly made up of Blacks and Whites. In addition, according to census estimates, Georgia ranks third in the nation for the percentage of its total population that is African American, following Mississippi and Louisiana, and it has the third largest number of Black residents after New York and Florida. From 2006 to 2007, Georgia saw the largest numerical increase in its Black population, adding 84,000 people.

The settlement of many Scottish Americans, English Americans, and Scotch-Irish Americans in the mountains and piedmont, along with English Americans and African Americans in coastal areas, has greatly shaped the culture of the state, especially in food, language, and music. In the 18th century, a significant number of Africans were brought to the coastal regions from rice-growing areas in West Africa, which led to the emergence of the Gullah-Geechee language and culture among African Americans in the Lowcountry. They have a distinct heritage where African traditions in food, religion, and culture have been preserved much more than in any other Black American community. Their culinary practices became a key part of the overall cooking traditions in the Lowcountry.[9]

Historical

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Year Population White %

W

Black %

B

1750[10] 2120 N/A 80.2% N/A 19.8%
1753[10] 3447 N/A 69.1% N/A 30.2%
1756[10] 6335 N/A 70.8% N/A 29.2%

Current

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Racial and ethnic composition as of the 2020 census
Race and ethnicity[11] Alone Total
White (non-Hispanic) 50.1% 50.1
 
 53.2% 53.2
 
African American (non-Hispanic) 30.6% 30.6
 
 32.3% 32.3
 
Hispanic or Latino[a] — 10.5% 10.5
 
Asian 4.4% 4.4
 
 5.2% 5.2
 
Native American 0.2% 0.2
 
 1.5% 1.5
 
Pacific Islander 0.1% 0.1
 
 0.1% 0.1
 
Other 0.5% 0.5
 
 1.2% 1.2
 

According to the 2020 U.S. census, the racial and ethnic makeup of the population was 50.1% non-Hispanic white, 32.6% African American, 4.4% Asian American, 0.3% American Indian and Alaska Native, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, and 10.5% Hispanic and Latino American of any race. In 2010, with a population of 9,687,653, non-Hispanic whites formed 55.9% of the state population and African Americans were 30.5% of the state.[12]

 
Georgia ancestry map

According to data from 2010, the largest ancestry groups were: 10.8% American (mostly British descent), 9.5% Irish, 8.9% English, 8.8% Hispanics and Latinos and 8.2% German.[13] According to the American Community Survey in 2022, the largest ancestral groups were 10.4% English, 6.9% Irish, 6.3% German, 2.2% sub-Saharan African, 2.1% Italian, 1.7% Scottish, 1.1% French, 1% Polish, and 0.3% Norwegian.[14]

In the 1980 census, 1,584,303 Georgians cited that they were of English ancestry out of a total state population of 3,994,817 making them 40% of the state, and the largest ethnic group at the time.[15] Many people today who claim to have "American" ancestry are actually of English or Scots-Irish descent. However, due to the long-standing presence of their families in the region, often dating back to the colonial era, many prefer to identify solely as having "American" ancestry or may not be aware of their specific ancestral roots. Their ancestry primarily goes back to the original Thirteen Colonies and for this reason many of them today simply claim "American" ancestry, though they are of predominantly English ancestry.[16][17][18][19]

In 2004, 7.7% of its population was reported as under 5 years of age, 26.4% under 18, and 9.6% were 65 or older. Also as of 2004, females made up approximately 50.6% of the population, and African Americans made up approximately 29.6% of the state's population.

White and European Americans

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Main article: White Southerners

White and European Americans have historically composed the predominant racial and ethnic composition for the state. Primarily descending from British, Irish, English, and German ancestry,[13] the state's White and European American population have shared a common, White Southern and Protestant culture with Americans of neighboring states.

Black and African Americans

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Main articles: African Americans in Georgia and Black Southerners
 
Bunce Island, a historical slave port where the ancestors of many Gullah departed to the Lowcountry

Historically, about half of Georgia's population was composed of African Americans who, prior to the American Civil War, were almost exclusively enslaved. The Great Migration of blacks from the rural South to the industrial North from 1914–1970 reduced the African American population.[20] Since the New Great Migration of African Americans into the South, Black and African Americans grew to becoming the second-largest race and ethnicity in the state. Within Atlanta and its metropolitan statistical area, the state's black population forms the largest residential composition; there are also large black populations in Middle, East, West, and Southwest Georgia, with the black population in the Southwest region forming part of the Black Belt in the American South.

Having a concentration of African-descended peoples in Southeast Georgia and the Lower Coastal Plain, the descendants of enslaved Africans led to the development of the Gullah-Geechee people and language. In the creolization of Lowcountry culture, their foodways became an integral part of all cooking in the Lowcountry.[21]

Culturally, black Georgians have shared the dialects of Southern American English, African American Vernacular English, and African American English with the remainder of the Black Southerner population. Gullah-Geechee Georgians also speak the Gullah language. In terms of religious affiliation and observance, the black Georgian communities have identified with African American Protestantism or Black Catholicism. Since the late 18th century, most black Georgian Protestants have affiliated with the Baptist tradition through the National Baptist Convention, National Baptist Convention of America, Progressive National Baptist Convention, and National Primitive Baptist Convention.[22][23]

Hispanic and Latino Americans

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See also: Floridanos
 
Proposed route of the Hernando de Soto expedition

Georgia has had a growing Hispanic and Latino American population since the beginning of the 21st century, although there has been a historically minor Hispanic presence in present-day Southwest, Southeast and Coastal Georgia through the Spanish missions and initial settlement.[24][25] During Spanish colonization of the Americas, following Hernando de Soto's expedition, explorers arrived at the territories of the Coosa chiefdom in Northwest Georgia, but none successfully established colonies.[26]

As of 2022, most Hispanics and Latinos in Georgia are of Mexican ancestry.[27] Among its Hispanic and Latino population, the majority have the common religious tradition of Catholicism, which has been increasing statewide.[28] According to 2018 U.S. Census Bureau estimates, the majority of Hispanics and Latinos in Georgia were of Mexican descent (58.1%) followed by those of Puerto Rican descent (10.1%), Guatemalan descent (6.3%), Salvadoran descent (4.8%), Cuban descent (3.4%), Colombian descent (3.1%), Honduran descent (2.5%), Dominican descent (2.2%), Venezuelan descent (1.4%), Peruvian descent (1.2%), Spanish descent (1.2%), and those of other Hispanic ethnicity or of mixed Hispanic ethnicity (5.7%).[29]

Native American and Asian Americans

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Native Americans were once the predominant ethnicity in the present-day U.S. state of Georgia, before European colonization. Since the decline of Georgia's Native American population due to colonialism and diseases from the Old World, alongside relocation, its constituency has remained small. Numbering 34,485 individuals, of which 70.5% belonged to federally recognized tribes as of 2018, the largest recognized tribe was the Cherokee (5,950 individuals) followed by Chippewa (727), Navajo (502), Sioux (347), and Alaska Natives (76).[30][31]

The Asian American population in Georgia is diverse and growing, and as of 2018 with the largest group being that of Indian descent (32.6% of Asians) followed by those of Chinese (excluding Taiwan) descent (15.0%), Vietnamese descent (13.8%), Korean descent (12.2%), Filipino descent (6.0%), Pakistani descent (3.8%), Nepalese descent (2.4%), Japanese descent (2.1%), Burmese descent (1.9%), Hmong descent (1.5%), Bangladeshi descent (1.3%), Cambodian descent (1.1%), Thai descent (1.0%), and those of other Asian ethnicity or of mixed Asian ethnicity (5.3%).[32]

Ancestries

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[33][34]

Ancestry by origin[35] Number %
Afghan 1,944
Albanian 1,715

Birth data

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Note: Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.

Live Births by Single Race/Ethnicity of Mother
Race 2013[36] 2014[37] 2015[38] 2016[39] 2017[40] 2018[41] 2019[42] 2020[43] 2021[44] 2022[45]
White: 75,114 (58.3%) 76,226 (58.2%) 76,904 (58.5%) ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
> Non-Hispanic White 59,379 (46.1%) 60,104 (45.9%) 60,328 (45.9%) 57,971 (44.6%) 56,985 (44.1%) 55,676 (44.1%) 54,850 (43.4%) 52,717 (43.0%) 53,675 (43.3%) 53,638 (42.5%)
Black 47,392 (36.8%) 47,909 (36.6%) 47,734 (36.3%) 44,408 (34.1%) 44,447 (34.4%) 43,746 (34.7%) 43,710 (34.6%) 42,373 (34.6%) 41,887 (33.7%) 42,042 (33.3%)
Asian 5,917 (4.6%) 6,519 (5.0%) 6,468 (4.9%) 5,879 (4.5%) 6,039 (4.7%) 5,768 (4.6%) 5,809 (4.6%) 5,579 (4.6%) 5,432 (4.4%) 5,640 (4.5%)
American Indian 325 (0.2%) 292 (0.2%) 298 (0.2%) 125 (0.1%) 223 (0.2%) 206 (0.2%) 186 (0.2%) 115 (0.1%) 123 (0.1%) 214 (0.2%)
Hispanic (of any race) 16,994 (13.2%) 17,442 (13.3%) 17,836 (13.6%) 17,957 (13.8%) 17,954 (13.9%) 17,432 (13.8%) 18,426 (14.6%) 18,415 (15.0%) 19,480 (15.7%) 21,202 (16.8%)
Total Georgia 128,748 (100%) 130,946 (100%) 131,404 (100%) 130,042 (100%) 129,243 (100%) 126,172 (100%) 126,371 (100%) 122,473 (100%) 124,073 (100%) 126,130 (100%)
  • Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Languages

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Top 10 non-English languages spoken in Georgia
Language Percentage of population
(as of 2010)[46]
Spanish 7.42%
Korean 0.51%
Vietnamese 0.44%
French 0.42%
Chinese (including Mandarin) 0.38%
German 0.29%
Hindi 0.23%
Niger-Congo languages of West Africa (Ibo, Kru, and Yoruba) 0.21%
Gujarati 0.18%
Portuguese and French Creole (tied) 0.16%

In 2010, 87.35% (7,666,663) of Georgia residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 7.42% (651,583) spoke Spanish, 0.51% (44,702) Korean, 0.44% (38,244) Vietnamese, 0.42% (36,679) French, 0.38% (33,009) Chinese (which includes Mandarin,) and German was spoken as a main language by 0.29% (23,351) of the population over the age of five. In total, 12.65% (1,109,888) of Georgia's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English.[46]

LGBT community

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Main article: LGBT history in Georgia (U.S. state)

Georgia's lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community has had a long history. The city of Atlanta has one of the highest LGBT populations per capita. It ranks 3rd of all major cities, behind San Francisco and slightly behind Seattle, with 12.8% of the city's total population identifying themselves as gay, lesbian, or bisexual according to studies in 2009 and 2007.[47][48] According to the 2000 United States census (revised in 2004), Atlanta had the twelfth highest proportion of single-person households nationwide among cities of 100,000 or more residents, which was at 38.5%.[49]

Religion

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See also: Category:Religion in Georgia (U.S. state)
 
First Methodist Episcopal Church South, Atlanta, Georgia

As a state within the Bible Belt, Georgia has historically been a relatively religious state. Pre-colonial, colonial, and post-colonial Georgians have practiced numerous Native American religions alongside Christianity through the formation of missions. Other faiths including Hoodoo or Lowcountry Voodoo were also introduced in colonial and post-colonial Georgia through the Gullah-Geechee peoples. In colonial and post-colonial Georgia, Christianity became the state's largest religion, representing 79% of the adult population in 2014, and 78% in 2020, according to two separate studies by the Pew Research Center and Public Religion Research Institute.[50][51]'

Per the Pew Research Center in 2014, non-Christian religions accounted for 3% of the population, with Judaism and Islam tied at 1% of the religiously-affiliated population. Eastern religions including Buddhism and Hinduism were both less than 1% each of the population, and other world religions accounted for less than 1% of the state's religious constituents. Other faiths such as New Age and Native American religions were 2% of the population, and approximately 18% of the state were unaffiliated, including agnostics and atheists. Among the state in 2014, 13% practiced nothing in particular.[50]

Largest cities

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Largest cities or towns in United States
Rank County Pop.
 
Atlanta
 
Columbus 		1 Atlanta Fulton 496,461  
Augusta
 
Macon
2 Columbus Muscogee 205,617
3 Augusta Richmond 201,196
4 Macon Bibb 156,762
5 Savannah Chatham 147,088
6 Athens Clarke 127,358
7 South Fulton Fulton 108,575
8 Sandy Springs Fulton 107,180
9 Roswell Fulton 92,530
10 Johns Creek Fulton 82,065

Notes

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  1. ^ Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.

References

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  1. ^ "Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020)". Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2021.
  2. ^ "Georgia gets more urban and diverse as white residents dip". AP News. 2021-08-12. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  3. ^ "New 2020 census results show increased diversity countering decade-long declines in America's white and youth populations". Brookings. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  4. ^ "Census shows US is diversifying, white population shrinking". AP News. 2021-08-13. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  5. ^ US Census Bureau, 2020 Results, QuickFacts: Georgia https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/GA/PST045223
  6. ^ Redmon, Jeremy; Niesse, Mark; Prabhu, Maya T. "2020 Census: Georgia's minority populations have surged". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. ISSN 1539-7459. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  7. ^ "Immigrants in Georgia". American Immigration Council. January 1, 2015. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
  8. ^ "Atlanta Profile" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 11, 2009. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  9. ^ "Welcome to Georgia Early Mountain Life". 4 May 2008. Archived from the original on 4 May 2008. Retrieved 2017-08-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  10. ^ a b c Wells, Robert V. (1975). Population of the British Colonies in America Before 1776: A Survey of Census Data. Princeton University Press. JSTOR j.ctt13x154h.
  11. ^ "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. August 12, 2021. Archived from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  12. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau". United States Census Bureau. October 5, 2010. Archived from the original on December 27, 1996. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
  13. ^ a b "American FactFinder". Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
  14. ^ "2022 Selected Social Characteristics". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
  15. ^ "Table 03. Persons who reported at least one specific ancestry group" (PDF). Census.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-02-24. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  16. ^ Pulera, Dominic (2004-10-20). Sharing the Dream: White Males in Multicultural America. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0-8264-1643-8.
  17. ^ Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?', Demography, Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 1991), pp. 414, 421.
  18. ^ Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns', Social Science Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44–6.
  19. ^ Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, 'Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82–86.
  20. ^ William H. Frey, "The New Great Migration: Black Americans' Return to the South, 1965–2000", The Brookings Institution, May 2004, accessed May 19, 2008 Archived September 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ "Welcome to Georgia Early Mountain Life". 4 May 2008. Archived from the original on 4 May 2008. Retrieved 2017-08-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  22. ^ "African American Baptists". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  23. ^ "Religious Landscape Study". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  24. ^ "Spanish Missions". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
  25. ^ "Spanish Exploration". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2024-02-08.
  26. ^ "GPB GA Studies". Georgia Public Broadcasting. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
  27. ^ "Latino Immigration". Archived from the original on 2022-11-19. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
  28. ^ Zoll, Rachel. "US Latino Catholic population booming in Georgia; churches find it difficult to keep up". The Augusta Chronicle. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  29. ^ "B03001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN - Georgia - 2018 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. July 1, 2018. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
  30. ^ "C02014 AMERICAN INDIAN AND ALASKA NATIVE ALONE FOR SELECTED TRIBAL GROUPINGS - Georgia - 2018 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. July 1, 2018. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
  31. ^ "Native American Tribes in GA". Archived from the original on 2016-11-21. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  32. ^ "B02015 ASIAN ALONE BY SELECTED GROUPS - Georgia - 2018 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. July 1, 2018. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
  33. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved 2024-03-22.
  34. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved 2024-03-22.
  35. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved 2024-03-22.
  36. ^ "Births: Final Data for 2013" (PDF). Cdc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-09-11. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  37. ^ "Births: Final Data for 2014" (PDF). Cdc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-02-14. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  38. ^ "Births: Final Data for 2015" (PDF). Cdc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-31. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  39. ^ "Births: Final Data for 2016" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-03. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
  40. ^ "Births: Final Data for 2017" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 67 (8). November 7, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
  41. ^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-11-28. Retrieved 2019-12-02.
  42. ^ "Data" (PDF). CDC.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-23. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
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  45. ^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2024-04-04.
  46. ^ a b "Georgia". Modern Language Association. Archived from the original on August 15, 2013. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
  47. ^ "12.9% in Seattle are gay or bisexual, second only to S.F., study says". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 2009-03-09. Retrieved 2012-07-04.
  48. ^ Gary J. Gates "Same-sex Couples and the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Population: New Estimates from the American Community Survey" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-02. (2.07 MiB). The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation Law and Public Policy, UCLA School of Law October, 2006
  49. ^ "Cities with 100,000 or More Population in 2000 ranked by Percent One-Person Households, 2000 in Rank Order". Census.gov. August 20, 2002. Archived from the original on 2002-08-20.
  50. ^ a b "2014 Religious Landscape Survey". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
  51. ^ "American Values Atlas: Religion". Public Religion Research Institute. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
 
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