Henry Miller (July 21, 1827 – October 14, 1916) was a German-American rancher known as the "Cattle King of California"[1] who at one point in the late 19th century was one of the largest land-owners in the United States.
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Life and work
editBorn in Brackenheim, Duchy of Württemberg as Heinrich Albrecht Kreiser (Kreyser),[2] he emigrated to New York City in 1846, where he worked as a butcher. He moved to California in 1850 under the name Henry Miller, a name borrowed from the non-transferable steamer ticket he had purchased from a friend in New York.
Miller built up a thriving butcher business in San Francisco, later going into partnership with Charles Lux, also a German immigrant and a former competitor, in 1858. The Miller and Lux company expanded rapidly, shifting emphasis from meat products to cattle raising, and soon became the largest producer of cattle in California and one of the largest landowners in the United States, owning 1,400,000 acres (5,700 km2) directly and controlling nearly 22,000 square miles (57,000 km2) of cattle and farm land in California, Nevada, and Oregon.[3]
Miller purchased most of the Spanish land grants lying between San Francisco and the San Joaquin for about $1.15 per acre, ranged his cattle over the area and eventually forced the land grant heirs to sell out to him at his price. He also "kept the local officials, particularly the county assessors, in his debt.".[4] The Miller and Lux Corporation was headquartered in Los Banos, on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley. Miller played a major role in the development of much of the San Joaquin Valley during the late 19th century and early 20th century. His role in maintaining and managing his corporate farming empire illustrates the growing trend of industrial barons during the Gilded Age. This detailed correspondence with Superintendent Turner reflects his micromanagement business style and underscores the lack of autonomy of rural farmers in the region. Miller persistently corresponded with his subordinates in order to verify that all the cattle met his standards before being sold. The correspondences demonstrate his attention to detail, especially in regards to the weather conditions and the amount of food and water the ranches contained.[5] In 1910, his upstream water rights to the San Joaquin River, which crossed much of the company's land, were acquired by the Big Creek Hydroelectric Project; the project's planned reservoir storage of snowmelt would greatly reduce flooding and increase river flow during the dry season.
At the time of his death, in California, Miller's estate was appraised at some US$40,000,000 (equivalent to about $1,120,000,000 in 2023), somewhat less than during his prime.[6] The Miller and Lux Corporation did not long survive his death, though his grandson George Nickel reorganized the holdings and became a large farmer and land developer. Some of his descendants continue to farm in the area around Los Banos and to operate as farmers and land developers in Bakersfield and Kern County.[7] Miller's contemporary descendants include Wiley Nickel, an American politician serving as a member of the U.S House of Representatives from North Carolina’s 13th congressional district and Tucker Carlson, who is a descendant of Miller through his birth mother, Lisa McNear Lombardi.[8]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Waldschmidt-Nelson, Britta. "Henry Miller: The Cattle King of California." In Immigrant Entrepreneurship: German-American Business Biographies, 1720 to the Present, vol. 2, edited by William J. Hausman. German Historical Institute. Last modified September 05, 2013.
- ^ Kirchenbücher (church books) Brackenheim, Taufregister (baptismal register) 1808-1832, without page number (entry 38/1827), http://www.archion.de/p/88bf3e72e5/
- ^ Igler, David. (2001) Industrial Cowboys: Miller & Lux and the Transformation of the Far West, 1850-1920. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
- ^ McWilliams, Carey. (1935) "Factories in the Fields". Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
- ^ "Correspondence to Superintendent Turner," 18 July 1912, Henry Miller Papers Collection, Special Collections, Henry Madden Library, California State University, Fresno
- ^ Taper, Bernard (August 1967). "The King of Ranchers". American Heritage. Vol. 18, no. 5. Archived from the original on July 4, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2007.
- ^ "Kern County a hub of the water trade". Public Citizen. Archived from the original on September 7, 2004.
- ^ Confessore, Nicholas (April 30, 2022). "How Tucker Carlson Stoked White Fear to Conquer Cable". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 6, 2022.
External links
edit- Monterey County Historical Society: The California Cattle Boom, 1849-1862
- Oregon History Project: Henry Miller, cattleman (photograph)
- Oregon History Project: Henry Miller, Cattleman (narrative)
- Article on Miller family history
- Guide to the Miller & Lux Records at The Bancroft Library
- Henry Miller letter, NC498. University of Nevada, Reno, Special Collections Department.
Further reading
edit
- Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1892). Chronicles Of The Builders Of The Commonwealth, Vol III. Chapter XII. Life of Henry Miller. San Francisco: The History Company. pp. 372–386. Retrieved July 11, 2009.
- Strother, French (September 1908). "The Last Of The Cattle Kings: Mr. Henry Miller, Pastoral Dictator At Eight-Three". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. XVI: 10680–10683. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
- Treadwell, Edward F. (2005) The Cattle King: A Dramatized Biography of Henry Miller, Founder of the Miller and Lux Cattle Empire. Great West Books.