"Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau" (Welsh pronunciation: [heːn wlaːd və n̥adai̯]) is the unofficial national anthem of Wales. The title, taken from the first words of the song, means "The Old Land of My Fathers" in Welsh, usually rendered in English as simply "Land of My Fathers". The words were written by Evan James and the tune composed by his son, James James, both residents of Pontypridd, Glamorgan, in January 1856.[1][better source needed] The earliest written copy survives and is part of the collections of the National Library of Wales.[1]
 | |
unofficial anthem of  Wales | |
| Lyrics | Evan James, 1856 |
|---|---|
| Music | James James, 1856 |
| Audio sample | |
Piano sound version | |
History
editOrigins
edit.jpg)
"Glan Rhondda" ("Banks of the Rhondda"), as it was known when it was composed, was first performed in the vestry of the original Capel Tabor, Maesteg (which later became a working men's club), in either January or February 1856, by Elizabeth John from Pontypridd, and it soon became popular in the locality.[1]
James James, the composer, was a harpist who played his instrument in the public house which he ran, for the purpose of dancing.[1] The song was originally intended to be performed in 6/8 time but had to be slowed down to its present tempo[clarification needed] when it began to be sung by large crowds.
Popularity
editThe popularity of the song increased after the Llangollen Eisteddfod of 1858. Thomas Llewelyn of Aberdare won a competition for an unpublished collection of Welsh airs with a collection that included "Glan Rhondda". The adjudicator of the competition, "Owain Alaw" (John Owen, 1821–83) asked for permission to include "Glan Rhondda" in his publication, Gems of Welsh melody (1860–64). This volume gave "Glan Rhondda" its more famous title, "Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau", and was sold in large quantities and ensured the popularity of the anthem across the whole of Wales.[1]
At the Bangor Eisteddfod of 1874 "Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau" gained further popularity when it was sung by Robert Rees ("Eos Morlais"), one of the leading Welsh soloists of his day.[2] It was increasingly sung at patriotic gatherings and gradually it developed into a national anthem.[1]
"Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau" was also one of the first Welsh-language songs recorded, when Madge Breese sang it on 11 March 1899, for the Gramophone Company, as part of the first recording in the Welsh language.[1][3]
"Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau" was the first national anthem to be sung at the start of a sporting event.[4][5] In 1905, the Welsh national rugby team hosted New Zealand's first touring team, who started every match performing a haka. As a response, Wales player Teddy Morgan led the crowd singing the anthem.[6] Although crowds often sang anthems during games, there was no precedent for an anthem to be sung before a match.[n 1]
In 1978 for their Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau album, Geraint Jarman a'r Cynganeddwyr recorded a version of the anthem using electric guitars, inspired by Jimi Hendrix's rendition of "The Star-Spangled Banner" (as famously performed during the Woodstock festival in 1969 and featured in the documentary of that festival released in 1970). Jarman's version, played by Welsh guitarist Tich Gwilym, is one of the most famous modern versions of the song.[5]
Usage
editTradition has established "Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau" as a de facto Welsh national anthem since 1905, when it was first sung by fans at rugby games,[8]: 335 although the official anthem at the time was "God Save the King". "Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau" slowly established itself as the more popular anthem over the next four decades and was sung along with "God Bless the Prince of Wales" and "God Save the Queen" before sporting events until 1975, when sports officials decided that "Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau" should be sung alone. Like other British anthems, it has not been established as a national anthem by law, but it has been used as a national anthem at official governmental ceremonies, including the opening of the Welsh Parliament / Senedd Cymru, and at receptions of the British monarchy since the 1970s.[1][5] Petitions to make the song an official national anthem for Wales are occasionally submitted to the Senedd, but the last time one raised sufficient signatures to be debated, in 2014, the conclusion was that this is 'not currently a possible development'.[9] It is recognised and used as an anthem at both national and local events in Wales.
"Imagine some 40,000 people singing their national anthem with all the fervour of which the Celtic heart is capable. It was the most impressive incident I have ever witnessed on a football field. It gave a semi-religious solemnity to this memorable contest, intensely thrilling, even awe-inspiring. It was a wonderful revelation of the serious spirit in which the Welsh take their football."
Usually, "Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau" will be the only anthem sung: only the first stanza and chorus are usually sung (and in the Welsh language). "God Save the King", the national anthem of the United Kingdom, is sometimes played alongside "Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau" during official events with a royal connection.[5]
The existence of a separate national anthem for Wales has not always been apparent to those from outside the country. In 1993, the newly appointed Secretary of State for Wales, John Redwood, was embarrassingly videotaped opening and closing his mouth during a communal singing of the national anthem, clearly ignorant of the words but unable to mime convincingly;[11] the pictures were frequently cited as evidence of his unsuitability for the post. According to John Major's autobiography, the first thing Redwood's successor William Hague said, on being appointed, was that he had better find someone to teach him the words. He found Ffion Jenkins, and later married her.[5]
"Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau" has been adapted to the anthems of Cornwall ("Bro Goth agan Tasow"), Brittany ("Bro Gozh ma Zadoù"),[11] and Y Wladfa ("Gwlad Newydd y Cymry", see below). These adaptions share the same tune as "Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau" and have similar lyrics.
Lyrics
edit| Welsh original[12][13] | IPA transcription[a] | English verse translation by A.P. Graves[14] | English verse translation by W.S. Gwynn Williams[15] | English verse translation by Owain Alaw[16] | A more literal English translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I |
1 |
I |
I |
I |
I |
Cultural influence
edit
The Welsh poet Dylan Thomas is often quoted as saying "The land of my fathers. My fathers can have it!" in reference to Wales. However, this is misleading, as it was a villainous character in one of Thomas' short stories that spoke this line.
Gwynfor Evans named his history of Wales Land of my fathers: 2,000 years of Welsh history. It was a translation of the Welsh original, Aros Mae.
The £1 coins minted in 1985, 1990, 1995 and 2000 with a Welsh emblem on the reverse, also bear the edge inscription PLEIDIOL WYF I'M GWLAD ("I am devoted to my country"), from the refrain of "Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau".[18] The new Royal Badge of Wales adopted in 2008 features this motto.
"Gwlad Newydd y Cymry"
edit
A version of "Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau" was written by Lewis Evans, a migrant from Wales to Y Wladfa, a Welsh-speaking settlement in Patagonia, South America. The version penned by Evans is called "Gwlad Newydd y Cymry" ("The New Country of the Welsh"). "Gwlad Newydd y Cymry" is played to the same tune as "Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau".[19]
The lyrics to "Gwlad Newydd y Cymry" are as follows (note that the spelling is not consistent with modern Welsh):
| Welsh original | English translation |
|---|---|
I |
I |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ In the United States, singing of patriotic songs before games was first observed in the years following the Civil War, with "The Star-Spangled Banner" occasionally being sung before baseball games. However, the song's pregame use did not become customary until the 1920s, and "The Star-Spangled Banner" did not become the official national anthem until 1931.[7]
- ^ See Help:IPA/Welsh and Welsh phonology. The transliteration is based on the North Welsh pronunciation. South Welsh differs in fronting [ɨ] to [i], among other differences.
- ^ Often written Dros ryddid collasant eu gwaed.[17]
- ^ Hen iaith ("old language") is sometimes written heniaith.[17]
- ^ Fi ("me") is often written mi, the formal and northern colloquial form.[17]
- ^ Tan ("under" or "until") is sometimes written dan, the modern word for "under", with tan retained for the meaning "until".[17]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h "Welsh anthem – The background to Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau". Wales history. BBC Cymru Wales. 1 December 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
- ^ "The History of the National Anthem". Rhondda Cynon Taf Library Services. UK. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
- ^ The first known recording of Hen Wlad fy Nhadau, UK: Gathering the Jewels, archived from the original on 9 December 2017, retrieved 5 January 2019.
- ^ "Welsh national anthem". Wales.com website. Welsh Government. 2015. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
- ^ a b c d e "The anthem in more recent years". Wales History. BBC. 1 December 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
- ^ "School remembers Teddy's 1905 try". BBC. 4 February 2005. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
- ^ Cyphers, Luke; Trex, Ethan (8 September 2011). "The song remains the same". ESPN The Magazine. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
- ^ Herbert, Trevor; Clarke, Martin V.; Barlow, Helen (29 September 2022). A History of Welsh Music. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-009-04167-6.
- ^ "Petitions Committee - Fourth Assembly". www.senedd.tv. 9 December 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
- ^ Hitt, Carolyn (17 February 2018). "Our national anthem is Wales' secret weapon and a 16th player on the pitch". WalesOnline.
- ^ a b Davies, John; Jenkins, Nigel (2008). The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. p. 364. ISBN 978-0-7083-1953-6.
- ^ "BBC Wales - Music - National Anthem - Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau". BBC. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
- ^ "Welsh national anthem". Wales. 9 October 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
- ^ Moffat, Alistair (12 August 2011). The Sea Kingdoms: The History of Celtic Britain and Ireland. Birlinn Limited. ISBN 9780857901163.
- ^ "The Celtic Festival Goes to Wales" (PDF). The Cherry Creek Chorale. 11 March 2016.
- ^ Owen, John (1862). Gems of Welsh Melody. A Selection of popular Welsh Songs, with English and Welsh words; specimens of Pennillion Singing, after the manner of North Wales; and Welsh National Airs, ancient and modern ... for the Pianoforte or Harp, with Symphonies and Accompaniments by J. Owen, etc. I. Clarke.
- ^ a b c d "Welsh National Anthem". University of South Wales. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
- ^ "Welsh National Anthem". Visit Wales website. Welsh Government. 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ Axtell, William. ""A song for a new Welsh nation": Patagonian Welsh national anthem discovered in 19th century pamphlet | Culture24". Culture24. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
External links
edit
- Jones, Cantorion Colin (22 June 2007), Learn the Welsh National Anthem the Easy Way (Google You tube) (video), The North Wales Male Chorus.
- Hen wlad fy nhadau (sheet music arranged for piano and voice), Cantorion.
- Côr Meibion Pontypridd, Hen wlad fy nhadau, Male choir, archived from the original on 14 July 2011.
- Hen wlad fy nhadau, UK: Welsh Icons, archived from the original (midi file and vocal video) on 1 June 2009.
- James, Sian (28 January 2007), "Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau", You tube (video) (played on the Triple Harp and sung).
- Hen wlad fy nhadau (lyrics), UK: Welshpedia, archived from the original on 15 June 2011, retrieved 20 June 2010.
- Redwood, John, Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau, You Tube.
- Siôn T. Jobbins, The Welsh National Anthem: its story, its meaning (Y Lolfa, 2013)