Helen of Zadar (Croatian: Jelena) (died 8 October 976), also known as Helen the Glorious (Croatian: Jelena Slavna), was the queen consort of the Kingdom of Croatia, as the wife of King Michael Krešimir II, from 946 to 969, a period which was marked by "peace, order and expeditious growth".[1] She was the regent of Croatia after the death of her spouse during the minority of her son Stephen Držislav of Croatia, and ruled from 969 until 976.[2]
| Helen of Zadar | |
|---|---|
 Bust of queen Helen by sculptor Ivan Mirković, made for thousandth anniversary of her death. | |
| Regent of Croatia | |
| Regency | 969–976 |
| Queen consort of Croatia | |
| Tenure | 949–969 |
| Coronation | 949 |
| Born | Zadar |
| Died | 8 October 976 |
| Burial | |
| Spouse | Michael Krešimir II |
| House | Trpimirović (by marriage) Madi (by birth) |
Life
editShe is said to have originated from the old patrician family Madi from Zadar. She married Michael Krešimir II, and became queen consort in 949.
She became the queen dowager of Croatia after the death of her husband in 969. However, since her husband was succeeded by their son who was a minor, she also became the regent of Croatia on behalf of her son.[3][4] As such, she ruled until her own death.
Regency
editQueen Helen built the churches of St Stephen and St. Mary in Solin. The atrium of the St Stephen latter became the Mausoleum of Croatian Kings and is preserved to the present day. Helen was also known by her subjects as "Mother of the Kingdom and protectress of orphans and widows". Jelena played a central role in uniting Croatian and Latin elements within the Kingdom thus laying the groundwork for her son, Stephen Držislav, to assume sovereignty over the Dalmatian thema (which was under nominal Byzantine rule).
Epitaph
editHelen died in October 976 and is buried next to her husband in St Mary's. The royal inscription on her sarcophagus was an epitaph discovered by archaeologists. The epitaph, which shed light on the genealogy of early Croatian rulers, was discovered by Don Frane Bulić on 28 August 1898. The epitaph also shows that older rulers, prior to her son Stephen Držislav, bore the title of kings. The English translation of the epitaph is:
In this grave rests Helen the Glorious, wife of King Michael, mother of King Stephen. She ruled/ brought peace to the Kingdom. On the 8th day of October 976 from the incarnation of Our Lord..... she was buried here. During her life as Queen she was also mother of orphans and protectress of widows. May those who look here say: God have mercy upon her soul.[5]
Gallery
edit
Reconstructed original Helen's epitaph in Museum of Croatian Archeological Monuments in Split.
"Building of a church on the island" by Vjekoslav Paraća, Queen Helen is shown in the centre
References
edit- ^ Budak, Neven (2007). "Foundations and Donations as a Link between Croatia and the Dalmatian Cities in the Early Middle Ages (9th-11th c.)". Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas. 55 (4): 483–490. ISSN 0021-4019.
- ^ Homza, Martin (2017-01-01), "Christian Female Ruler Archetype of Empress St. Helena", Mulieres suadentes - Persuasive Women, Brill, pp. 33–79, ISBN 978-90-04-33813-5, retrieved 2024-05-13
- ^ Homza, Martin (2017-01-01), "Christian Female Ruler Archetype of Empress St. Helena", Mulieres suadentes - Persuasive Women, Brill, pp. 33–79, ISBN 978-90-04-33813-5, retrieved 2024-05-21
- ^ Homza, Martin (2017-01-01), "Adelaide, Princess of Cracow and Wife of Grand Duke of Hungary Geza: On the Problem of Fictivity and Reality in East-Central European Medieval Narratives", Mulieres suadentes - Persuasive Women, Brill, pp. 169–210, ISBN 978-90-04-33813-5, retrieved 2024-05-21
- ^ "Muzej Hrvatskih arheoloških spomenika, Sarkofag kraljice Jelene". Archived from the original on 2010-02-15. Retrieved 2009-11-24.