Harry Verelst (11 February 1734 – 24 October 1785) was a colonial administrator with the British East India Company who served as the governor of Bengal from 1767 to 1769.
Harry Verelst | |
|---|---|
| Governor of the Presidency of Bengal | |
| In office January 1767 – December 1769 | |
| Preceded by | Robert Clive |
| Succeeded by | John Cartier |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 11 February 1734 Hanbury, Worcestershire, England |
| Died | 24 October 1785 (aged 51) Boulogne-sur-Mer, France |
| Resting place | Minster-in-Thanet, Kent, England |
Verelst traveled to India as a Company employee at a young age and rose through the Company ranks after many years of service, becoming a close supporter of Governor Robert Clive and eventually succeeding him as governor. Like his predecessor, Verelst attempted to reform the Company's administration in Bengal, but he lacked Clive's authority. He took steps to curb corruption and abuses within the Company and to gather information on local laws and customs. He faced opposition from the Company's servants and resigned after nearly three years in office.
After returning to Britain in 1770, he engaged in public polemics about his tenure and British rule in Bengal with William Bolts, a disgruntled former Company employee, and faced lawsuits incited by the latter. The exchanges between Bolts and Verelst stimulated the public discussion about the Company's governance in India. Failing to transport much of his wealth from India, Verelst fell into dire financial straits and fled to the continent to evade his creditors. He died in France in 1785.
Life and career
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Verelst was born on 11 February 1734 in Hanbury, Worcestershire, to Robert and Elizabeth Verelst.[1] His paternal ancestors were painters from the Netherlands.[2] He was raised by his uncle, the well-connected portrait painter William Verelst. With his uncle's help, Verelst gained employment as a writer (office clerk) in the East India Company's Bengal establishment. He arrived in Calcutta in 1749. In 1756 he was appointed head of the Company's factory at Lakshmipur. A few months later, he was forced to take refuge at Falta with the Company's council after Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah's attack on Calcutta. After Calcutta was retaken, he set out for Lakshmipur once again but was imprisoned by officers of the Nawab in violation of the treaty made by the latter with Robert Clive. He remained in captivity for two months and was released after the Company victory at the Battle of Plassey. After his appointment as chief of the Lakshmipur factory was successfully contested by a higher-ranking Company servant, Verelst returned to Calcutta. In 1759 he became overseer of revenue collection in the Nadia district, then took on a similar task in Burdwan. In February 1760 he took up his seat in the Company council in Calcutta. At the end of that year, he was sent to take control of the southern port of Chittagong, which had been ceded by Nawab Mir Qasim.[1]
Verelst returned from Chittagong in 1765 to serve on the Select Committee under Clive's second term as governor. In 1765 and 1766 he successfully oversaw and reformed revenue collection at Burdwan and later at Midnapore. He became one of Clive's close supporters and on several occasions acted as governor when Clive was absent or indisposed. He succeeded Clive as governor of Bengal in January 1767. Verelst tried to continue the policies of his predecessor, Robert Clive, whom he greatly admired. Clive sought to suppress corruption and abuses among the Company's servants, which caused discontent within the Company's ranks. However, Verelst did not enjoy the same authority as Clive and had little success continuing his predecessor's policies. He recognised the need for reform in Bengal to strengthen the Company's government there but did not act to replace Clive's dual system,[1] whereby the Company preserved the appearance of the sovereignty of local rulers while effectively ruling over Bengal.[3] He believed that Bengal should be governed according to local laws and took measures to acquire information "laws and customs of the country".[1] Verelst also gained a reputation for his uprightness. Edmund Burke, a prominent critic of the Company, later described him "one of the honestest men that ever served the Company". Robert Clive opined that he was a humane and disinterested but "too lenient" administrator.[4] Aware of his weak position, Verelst was eager to be replaced as governor. He resigned in December 1769.[1] John Cartier was his successor.
Verelst returned to Britain in 1770.[1] In 1772 William Bolts, a former Company employee who had clashed with Verelst and been deported to Britain, published the first volume of his book Considerations on India Affairs, in which he criticised the system of British government in Bengal[5] and condemned what he considered to be the corruption of Clive's and Verelst's administrations.[1] Later that year, Verelst published his response to Bolts accusations, a book titled View of the Rise, Progress and Present State of the English Government in Bengal.[1] The lively polemics between Bolts and Verelst stimulated the great public debate that was occurring at the time about the Company's governance in India.[5] Verelst also had to contend with lawsuits initiated against him with the help of William Bolts.[1] Four Armenians, three of which had formerly worked as Bolts's agents, accused Verelst of ordering their unlawful imprisonment.[6] Verelst lost the cases and was ordered to pay a total of £9700 in damages. He was eventually compensated by the East India Company, but by this time his financial situation was already deteriorating. Much of his fortune, which he estimated at £142,711 in 1772, was still in Bengal and was at risk of being lost because of the worsening economic situation there. His purchase of the Aston estate near Sheffield for £49,800 further strained his finances. In 1775 Verelst's secretary, John Knott, traveled to Bengal to collect his own and his employer's belongings.[1] In the meantime, Verelst borrowed money to cover his immediate expenses, expecting Knott to return with more of his wealth.[7] However, Knott died in the desert on the overland route back to Britain, and all of the papers and possessions he was transporting were lost with him. Verelst's finances never recovered from this loss. In 1785 he left for the European continent to evade his creditors. He died on 24 October 1785 at Boulogne and was buried at Minster in the Isle of Thanet.[1]
Family
editIn Bengal Verelst had two daughters and a son out of wedlock with Sophia Yeandle,[1] a mixed-race Catholic woman.[8] He married Ann Wordsworth on 20 May 1771, and they had six daughters and four sons.[1] The eldest son, Harry (1773–1837), married Elizabeth, daughter of Henry Arthur Herbert. The eldest daughter Anne married the Irish Member of Parliament Edward Synge Cooper.[9][10]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Kuiters, Willem G. J. (23 September 2004). "Verelst, Harry". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/28221. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Taylor, Paul (3 January 2008) [2004]. "Verelst, Simon Pieterszoon". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/28222.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) - ^ Bowen, H. V. (3 January 2008) [2004]. "Clive, Robert, first Baron Clive of Plassey". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/5697.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) - ^ Tuck, Patrick (1998). "Introduction". Considerations on India Affairs and A View of the Rise, Progress and Present State of the English Government in Bengal. The East India Company: 1600–1858, Volume III (Facsim. ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-15517-5.
- ^ a b Bowen, H. V. (3 January 2008) [2004]. "Bolts, William". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2810.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) - ^ Kuiters, Willem G. J. (2002). The British in Bengal, 1756-1773: A Society in Transition Seen Through the Biography of a Rebel: William Bolts (1739-1808). Paris: Les Indes savantes. p. 239. ISBN 978-2-84654-004-9.
- ^ Kuiters 2002, p. 254.
- ^ Ghosh, Durba (2005). "Who Counts as 'Native?': Gender, Race, and Subjectivity in Colonial India". Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History. 6 (3). doi:10.1353/cch.2006.0007. ISSN 1532-5768.
- ^ Foster, Joseph (1874). Pedigrees of the County Families of Yorkshire. London: W. Wilfred Head. p. 215.
- ^ Aspinall, Arthur (1986). R. Thorne (ed.). "Cooper, Edward Synge (1762–1830), of Markree Castle, co. Sligo and Boden Park, co. Westmeath". The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1790-1820. Boydell and Brewer. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
- Attribution
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lee, Sidney, ed. (1899). "Verelst, Harry". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 58. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
Further reading
edit- Chatterji, Nandalal (1939). Verelst's Rule in India. Allahabad: The Indian Press. OCLC 18230817.
- Marshall, P. J. (1976). East Indian Fortunes: The British in Bengal in the Eighteenth Century. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821566-0.
External links
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- Verelst's A View of the Rise, Progress and Present State of the English Government in Bengal (London 1772) on Internet Archive