Harrier (bird)

Circus
	Western marsh harrier
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Accipitriformes
Family:	Accipitridae
Subfamily:	Accipitrinae
Genus:	Circus; Lacépède, 1799
Type species
	Falco aeruginosus; Linnaeus, 1758
Species
	See text

A harrier is a member of the genus Circus in Accipitridae, a family of birds of prey. Harriers characteristically hunt by flying low over open ground, feeding on small mammals, reptiles, or birds. The young of the species are sometimes referred to as ring-tail harriers. They are distinctive with long wings, a long narrow tail, the slow and low flight over grasslands and skull peculiarities. The harriers are thought to have diversified with the expansion of grasslands and the emergence of C₄ grasses about 6 to 8 million years ago during the Late Miocene and Pliocene.^[1]

Taxonomy

Northern harrier, adult male

The genus Circus was introduced by the French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède in 1799.^[2] The type species was subsequently designated as the western marsh harrier.^[3]^[4] Most harriers are placed in this genus. The word Circus comes from the Ancient Greek κρέξ (kréx) referring to a long legged bird, and is possibly ultimately derived from an onomatopoeia.^[5] The name harrier is thought to have been derived either from Harrier (dog), or by a corruption of harrower, or directly from harry.^[6]

The genera Circus has in the past been placed in the subfamily Circinae but molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that such a grouping is polyphyletic for Accipitrinae.^[7]^[8] The harrier-hawks in the genus Polyboroides are not closely related and are placed in their own subfamily Polyboroidinae^[8]

Ring-tails

Ring-tail is an informal term used by birders for the juveniles and females of several harrier species when seen in the field and not identifiable to an exact species.^[9] Ring-tail harriers include the juveniles and females of Montagu's harrier (Circus pygargus), hen harrier (Circus cyaneus), and pallid harrier (Circus macrourus).

A male Montagu's harrier displays the signature upswept wings and grassland habitat.

Species

The genus contains 16 species:^[10]

Genus **Circus** – Lacépède, 1799 – sixteen species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Montagu's harrier	Circus pygargus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Eurasia, winters in Africa and India	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Hen harrier	Circus cyaneus (Linnaeus, 1766)	Eurasia	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Northern harrier	Circus hudsonius (Linnaeus, 1766)	North America^[11]	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Western marsh harrier	Circus aeruginosus (Linnaeus, 1758) Two subspecies C. a. aeruginosus (Linnaeus, 1758) C. a. harterti Zedlitz, 1914	Europe, western Asia; winter range includes Africa and India.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Eastern marsh harrier	Circus spilonotus Kaup, 1847	Asia (migratory)	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
African marsh harrier	Circus ranivorus (Daudin, 1800)	southern and central Africa	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Swamp harrier	Circus approximans (Peale, 1849)	New Zealand, Australia, Pacific islands	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Papuan harrier	Circus spilothorax (Salvadori & D'Albertis, 1875)	New Guinea	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Malagasy harrier	Circus macrosceles (Newton, 1863)	Indian Ocean (Madagascar and the Comoro Islands)	Size: Habitat: Diet:	EN
Réunion harrier	Circus maillardi J. Verreaux, 1862	(Indian Ocean) Réunion Island	Size: Habitat: Diet:	EN
Long-winged harrier	Circus buffoni (Gmelin, JF, 1788)	South America	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Spotted harrier	Circus assimilis (Jardine & Selby, 1828)	Australia, Indonesia	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Black harrier	Circus maurus (Temminck, 1828)	southern Africa	Size: Habitat: Diet:	EN
Cinereous harrier	Circus cinereus Vieillot, 1816	South America	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Pallid harrier	Circus macrourus (S. G. Gmelin, 1770)	migratory: eastern Europe, Asia, Africa (winter)	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Pied harrier	Circus melanoleucos (Pennant, 1769)	Asia	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC

Fossils

† Eyles's harrier, Circus eylesi (prehistoric)
† Wood harrier, Circus dossenus (prehistoric)

References

^ Oatley, Graeme; Simmons, Robert E.; Fuchs, Jérôme (2015). "A molecular phylogeny of the harriers (Circus, Accipitridae) indicate the role of long distance dispersal and migration in diversification". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 85: 150–60. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.01.013. PMID 25701771.
^ Lacépède, Bernard Germain de (1799). "Tableau des sous-classes, divisions, sous-division, ordres et genres des oiseux". Discours d'ouverture et de clôture du cours d'histoire naturelle (in French). Paris: Plassan. p. 4. Page numbering starts at one for each of the three sections.
^ Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 316.
^ Lesson, René P. (1828). Manuel d'ornithologie, ou Description des genres et des principales espèces d'oiseaux (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Roret. p. 105.
^ Beekes, Robert (2010). Etymological Dictionary of Greek. pp. 702, 776. ISBN 9789004174207.
^ Hogg, John (1845). "A catalogue of birds observed in South-eastern Durham and in North-western Cleveland". The Zoologist. 3: 1049–1063.
^ Mindell, D.; Fuchs, J.; Johnson, J. (2018). "Phylogeny, taxonomy, and geographic diversity of diurnal raptors: Falconiformes, Accipitriformes, and Cathartiformes". In Sarasola, J.H.; Grange, J.M.; Negro, J.J. (eds.). Birds of Prey: Biology and conservation in the XXI century. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. pp. 3–32. ISBN 978-3-319-73744-7.
^ ^a ^b Catanach, T.A.; Halley, M.R.; Pirro, S. (2024). "Enigmas no longer: using ultraconserved elements to place several unusual hawk taxa and address the non-monophyly of the genus Accipiter (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society: blae028. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blae028.
^ "Harriers in India: A Field Guide" (PDF). wwt.org.uk. Wetland Link International. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2022). "Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors". IOC World Bird List Version 12.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
^ Etherington, Graham J.; Mobley, Jason A. (2016). "Molecular phylogeny, morphology and life-history comparisons within Circus cyaneus reveal the presence of two distinct evolutionary lineages". Avian Research. 7. doi:10.1186/s40657-016-0052-3.

External links

Harrier videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Harrier videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Newton, Alfred (1911). "Harrier" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). p. 17.

[1] Oatley, Graeme; Simmons, Robert E.; Fuchs, Jérôme (2015). "A molecular phylogeny of the harriers (Circus, Accipitridae) indicate the role of long distance dispersal and migration in diversification". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 85: 150–60. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.01.013. PMID 25701771.

[2] Lacépède, Bernard Germain de (1799). "Tableau des sous-classes, divisions, sous-division, ordres et genres des oiseux". Discours d'ouverture et de clôture du cours d'histoire naturelle (in French). Paris: Plassan. p. 4. Page numbering starts at one for each of the three sections.

[3] Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 316.

[4] Lesson, René P. (1828). Manuel d'ornithologie, ou Description des genres et des principales espèces d'oiseaux (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Roret. p. 105.

[5] Beekes, Robert (2010). Etymological Dictionary of Greek. pp. 702, 776. ISBN 9789004174207.

[6] Hogg, John (1845). "A catalogue of birds observed in South-eastern Durham and in North-western Cleveland". The Zoologist. 3: 1049–1063.

[7] Mindell, D.; Fuchs, J.; Johnson, J. (2018). "Phylogeny, taxonomy, and geographic diversity of diurnal raptors: Falconiformes, Accipitriformes, and Cathartiformes". In Sarasola, J.H.; Grange, J.M.; Negro, J.J. (eds.). Birds of Prey: Biology and conservation in the XXI century. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. pp. 3–32. ISBN 978-3-319-73744-7.

[catanach-8] Catanach, T.A.; Halley, M.R.; Pirro, S. (2024). "Enigmas no longer: using ultraconserved elements to place several unusual hawk taxa and address the non-monophyly of the genus Accipiter (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society: blae028. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blae028.

[9] "Harriers in India: A Field Guide" (PDF). wwt.org.uk. Wetland Link International. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 27 January 2021.

[ioc-10] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2022). "Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors". IOC World Bird List Version 12.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 6 December 2022.

[11] Etherington, Graham J.; Mobley, Jason A. (2016). "Molecular phylogeny, morphology and life-history comparisons within Circus cyaneus reveal the presence of two distinct evolutionary lineages". Avian Research. 7. doi:10.1186/s40657-016-0052-3.

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