Hans Thomsen (14 September 1891 – 31 October 1968[2]) was a German diplomat in the United States.
Hans Thomsen | |
|---|---|
 At center, 1930 | |
| Born | 14 September 1891 |
| Died | 31 October 1968 (aged 77) Hamburg, Germany |
| Nationality | German |
| Occupation | Diplomat |
Career
editThomsen was a son of the Norwegian-born banker Carlo Z. Thomsen. Hans Thomsen held the dr. juris degree, and entered the foreign service in 1919. After being stationed at the consulates-general in Milan and Naples from 1921, he was summoned back to Germany in 1923 where he subsequently advanced in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs ranks.[3]
Thomsen continued as a diplomat for the Third Reich. Thomsen served as Chargé d'Affaires at the Embassy of Germany in Washington, representing the German government in the U.S. from November 1938 (after the recall of ambassador Hans-Heinrich Dieckhoff) to December 11, 1941 (termination of relations after declaration of war).[4] In 1943 he replaced Victor zu Wied (the brother of William, Prince of Albania) at the German delegation in Stockholm, Sweden, remaining there to the end of the war.[1] During late April 1943, he may have been involved in abortive peace negotiations with Alexandra Kollontai, his Soviet counterpart in Stockholm.[5] In November 1944 as relations deteriorated, he was recalled to Germany.[6] Thomsen was interrogated prior to the Nuremberg tribunals but was not charged with any crime. In the early 1950s he served as head of the Hamburg chapter of the Red Cross.[7]
Thomsen and the isolationists
editLike Dieckhoff, Thomsen suffered no illusions about the U.S. administration's policy towards Nazi Germany, and he sent warnings to the German government advising them of President Roosevelt's hostility.[4][8] Therefore, he was involved in several attempts to drum up American isolationist opinion, including efforts to get American authors to write in opposition to American involvement in the War.[9] Thomsen also orchestrated a campaign to influence the 1940 Republican National Convention to pass an anti-war platform.[10] Thomsen reported to the German foreign ministry on June 12, 1940 that a "well-known Republican congressman" had offered to take a group of fifty isolationists to the convention in exchange for $3,000 (equivalent to $65,000 in 2023).[11] Thomsen asked for funds for this and for full page advertisements to be placed in newspapers during the convention.[10] These ads were written by George Viereck, a German agent on the staff of Congressman Hamilton Fish, and appear to have been influential: the wording of the foreign policy plank, reported Thomsen, "was taken almost verbatim" from an ad which appeared in the New York Times and other papers.[12] Fish does not appear to have been personally involved in these efforts, though he headed the National Committee to Keep America Out of Foreign Wars which sponsored the ads.[10]
Purple cipher
editThomsen warned his government, in April 1941, that the Japanese diplomatic code (code-named Purple by the Americans) had been broken by the Americans, having been tipped off by the Soviet ambassador to the US, Konstantin Umansky. These warnings were passed on to the Japanese government, but in the end they were not acted upon, and American cryptographers continued to read Japanese messages through the war.[13] [14]
Thomsen and Donovan
editJust before the Pearl Harbor attack, Thomsen was involved in a curious attempt by William Donovan, the United States Coordinator of Information, to recruit him entirely to the American side. Thomsen had been supplying information on German military strength and movements to Malcolm Lovell, a real estate developer involved in Quaker anti-war efforts.[15] Lovell understood himself to be an intermediary and passed the information on to Donovan. These messages included various warnings about Japanese actions and their consequences, including warnings that the Japanese Empire was compelled by its position to attack the United States;[15] on November 13, 1940, he also passed through a message that Germany would join with Japan if the latter were to declare war on the United States.[16] Donovan and Roosevelt were not entirely sure what to make of this information; nonetheless, just before the attack, Donovan offered Thomsen a million dollars in exchange for a public statement distancing himself from the Nazi regime. Donovan's efforts failed, and Thomsen returned to Germany at the end of the year as America entered the war.[16]
References
edit- ^ a b Doerries, Reinhard (May 2003). Hitler's Last Chief of Foreign Intelligence: Allied Interrogations of Walter Schellenberg. Frank Cass. p. 367. ISBN 978-0-7146-5400-3. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
- ^ "Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek". German National Library. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
- ^ Ingebretsen, Herman Smitt, ed. (1941). De store begivenheters hvem er hvem (in Norwegian). Oslo: Tanum. p. 130.
- ^ a b Black, Conrad (2003). Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom. PublicAffairs. p. 505. ISBN 978-1-58648-184-1. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
- ^ Mastny, Vojtech (1972). "Stalin and the Prospects of a Separate Peace in World War II". The American Historical Review. 77 (5). American Historical Association: 1365–1388. doi:10.2307/1861311. JSTOR 1861311. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
- ^ Joesten, Joachim (1945). "Phases in Swedish Neutrality". Foreign Affairs. 23 (2): 324–329. doi:10.2307/20029898. ISSN 0015-7120.
- ^ "Weiter im gleichen Geist". Hamburger Abendblatt (in German). Hamburg, Germany. 1959. Retrieved 2009-05-09.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Jonas, Manfred (1984). The United States and Germany: A Diplomatic History. Cornell University Press. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-8014-9890-9. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
- ^ Thomsett, Michael C. (1997). The German Opposition to Hitler: The Resistance, the Underground, and Assassination Plots, 1938-1945. McFarland & Company. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-7864-0372-1. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
- ^ a b c Stout, David (July 23, 1997). "How Nazis Tried to Steer U.S. Politics". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
- ^ Wallace, Max (2003). The American Axis: Henry Ford, Charles Lindbergh, and the Rise of the Third Reich. St. Martin's Press. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-312-33531-1. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
- ^ Peters, Charles (2005). Five Days in Philadelphia: The Amazing "We Want Willkie!" Convention of 1940 and How It Freed FDR to Save the Western World. PublicAffairs. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-58648-112-4. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
- ^ Langer, Howard (1999). World War II: An Encyclopedia of Quotations. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-313-30018-9. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
- ^ Kahn, David (1996). The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet. Scribner. Text from excerpt Archived 2008-01-25 at the Wayback Machine of first chapter on WNYC website
- ^ a b Fritz, Mark (April 15, 2001). "Cryptic messages fuel debate about what, when, US knew of Pearl Harbor attack". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on June 14, 2010. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
- ^ a b Mauch, Christof (2005). The Shadow War Against Hitler: The Covert Operations of America's Wartime Secret Intelligence Service. trans. Jeremiah Riemer. Columbia University Press. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-0-231-12045-6. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
