Hans Kohn (Hebrew: הַנְס כֹּהן, or קוהן, September 15, 1891 – March 16, 1971) was an American philosopher and historian. He pioneered the academic study of nationalism, and is considered an authority on the subject.[1]
Hans Kohn | |
|---|---|
| Born | September 15, 1891 |
| Died | March 16, 1971 (aged 79) Philadelphia |
| Known for | Philosophy of Nationalism |
| Spouse | Jetty Wahl |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | History |
| Sub-discipline | Nationalism |
Life
editKohn was born into a German-speaking Jewish family in Prague, Bohemia, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. After graduating from a local German Gymnasium (high school) in 1909, he studied philosophy, political science and law at the German part of Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague.
Shortly after graduation, in late 1914 Kohn was called into the infantry of the Austro-Hungarian Army. Following training he was sent to the Eastern Front in the Carpathian Mountains, facing the Imperial Russian Army. He was captured in 1915 and taken by the Russians to a prison camp in Central Asia (in present-day Turkmenistan). During the civil war following the Bolshevik revolution, the pro-western Czechoslovak Legions came into Central Asia and he was set free. With them he traveled further east (called by Czechs the "Siberian Anabasis"), until stopping at Irkutsk. The political situation then allowed him to return to Europe, arriving in 1920.
Kohn then lived in Paris, where he married Jetty Wahl in 1921.
The couple moved to London, where Kohn worked for Zionist organizations and wrote articles for newspapers. He moved to Palestine in 1925. From there he would frequently visit the United States. His writings began to generate books, where he discussed current geopolitics and nationalism. In 1929, he wrote a resignation letter from Keren HaYesod titled "Judaism is Not Zionism".[2][3] Eventually the couple immigrated to America in 1934.
They had one son, Immanuel Kohn.[4]
Kohn was a prominent leader of Brit Shalom, which promoted a binational solution for promoting the co-existence of Jews and Arabs in the Mandatory Palestine.[5]
Career
editKohn taught modern history at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts. From 1948 to 1961, he taught at City College of New York. He also taught at the New School for Social Research, Harvard Summer School.[4]
He wrote numerous books on nationalism, Pan-Slavism, German thought, and Judaism. He was an early contributor to the Foreign Policy Research Institute in Philadelphia.
In 1944, he published his major work, The Idea of Nationalism, on the dichotomy between western and eastern Nationalism. Kohn sought to understand the emergence of nationalism through the development of western civilization and the rise of liberalism.[6] He also published a biography of Martin Buber. His autobiography, published in 1964, includes reflections on his times and his personal life.
Selected works
edit- A History of Nationalism in the East, 1929
- Nationalism and Imperialism in the Hither East, 1932
- Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1932 [1966]
- Western Civilization in the Near East, 1936
- Force Or Reason: Issues of the Twentieth Century, 1938
- The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in Its Origins and Background, 1944
- The Twentieth Century: A Midway Account of the Western World, 1950
- Pan-Slavism: Its History and Ideology, 1953
- African Nationalism in the Twentieth Century, 1953, co-author
- Nationalism and Liberty: The Swiss Example, George Allen and Unwin, London, 1956
- American Nationalism: An Interpretative Essay, Macmillan, New York, 1957
- Is the Liberal West in Decline? Pall Mall Press, 1957[7]
- Zion and the Jewish National Idea, Menorah, 1958, 63 p.
- Heinrich Heine: The Man and the Myth, Leo Baeck Institute, New York, 1959
- The Mind of Germany, Charles Scribner's Sons 1960, Harper Torchbooks 1965
- The Habsburg Empire, 1804–1918, 1961
- Living in a World Revolution: My Encounters with History, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1964
- Nationalism: Its Meaning & History, 1965, reprint/revised, 1982 [8]
- A History of the European Century, vol. 1: Absolutism and Democracy 1814–1852, D. Van Nostrand, Princeton, New Jersey, 1965
- Prelude to Nation-States: The French and German Experiences, 1789–1815 D. Van Nostrand, 1967
References
edit- ^ Wolf, K. (1976). Hans Kohn's Liberal Nationalism: The Historian as Prophet. Journal of the History of Ideas, 37(4), 651-672. doi:10.2307/2709029
- ^ Buber, Martin; Mendes-Flohr, Paul R. (2005). A land of two peoples : Martin Buber on Jews and Arabs. Internet Archive. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. pp. 97–100. ISBN 978-0-226-07802-1.
- ^ Magid, Shaul (2014). "Butler Trouble: Zionism, Excommunication, and the Reception of Judith Butler's Work on Israel/Palestine". Studies in American Jewish Literature (1981-). 33 (2): 255. doi:10.5325/studamerjewilite.33.2.0237. ISSN 0271-9274. JSTOR 10.5325/studamerjewilite.33.2.0237.
See his resignation letter from Keren Ha-Yesod in 1929, "Judaism is Not Zionism," printed in Buber, A Land of Two Peoples, 97–100
- ^ a b "Hans Kohn, Historian, Is Dead; Constant Critic of Nationalism". The New York Times. 1971-03-17. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-07-26.
- ^ Zohar Maor (2010). "Hans Kohn and the Dialectics of Colonialism: Insights on Nationalism and Colonialism from Within". Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook. 55 (1): 255–271. doi:10.1093/lbyb/ybq038.
- ^ James Kennedy (University of Edinburgh) and Maarten Van Ginderachter (Antwerp University). "Nations and Nationalism from the margins: A research agenda". University of Antwerp. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
- ^ Fawcett, Edmund (April 20, 2018). "The decline of the west. Again". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2022-12-11. Retrieved 2021-07-26.
- ^ "Nationalism: Its Meaning and History. By Hans Kohn, (Princeton, N. J., New York, Toronto, and London: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1955. Pp. 192. $1.25.)". American Political Science Review. 50 (1): 259. March 1956. doi:10.1017/S0003055400300594. ISSN 1537-5943.
Further reading
edit- Gordon, Adi. Towards Nationalism's End: An Intellectual Biography of Hans Kohn, Brandeis (2017).
- Gordon, Adi. "The Need for West: Hans Kohn and the North Atlantic Community." Journal of Contemporary History 46#1 (2011): 33–57.
- Kohn, Hans. Living in a World Revolution: My Encounters with History (1964), Autobiography, a primary source.
- Liebich, Andre. "Searching for the perfect nation: the itinerary of Hans Kohn (1891–1971)." Nations and Nationalism 12.4 (2006): 579–596.
- Maor, Zohar. "Hans Kohn and the Dialectics of Colonialism: Insights on Nationalism and Colonialism from Within". Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook 55 (1): 255–271. doi:10.1093/lbyb/ybq038.
- Wolf, Ken. "Hans Kohn's liberal nationalism: the historian as prophet." Journal of the History of Ideas 37, n. 4 (1976): 651–672. in JSTOR