Halil Kut (1881 – 20 August 1957),[1] also known as Halil Pasha,[a] was an Ottoman military commander and politician. He served in the Ottoman Army during World War I, notably taking part in the military campaigns against Russia in the Caucasus and the British in Mesopotamia.
Halil Kut | |
|---|---|
 Kut before the end of WW1 | |
| Born | 1881 Yenimahalle, Istanbul, Ottoman Empire |
| Died | 20 August 1957 (aged 75–76) Istanbul, Turkey |
| Allegiance |  Ottoman Empire Turkey |
| Rank | Major general |
| Unit | Sixth Army |
| Battles / wars | Balkan Wars Italo-Turkish War World War I |
Halil was responsible for numerous atrocities committed against Armenian and Assyrian civilians during the Armenian genocide, overseeing the massacres of Armenian men, women and children in Bitlis, Mush, and Beyazit.[2][3][4] Many of the victims were buried alive in specially prepared ditches.[5] He also crossed into neighboring Persia and massacred Armenians, Assyrians and Persians.[6]
Biography
editHalil graduated from the War Academy (Staff College) in Constantinople in 1905 and received a commission with the rank of Distinguished Captain (Mümtaz Yüzbaşı).[7]
When the Ottoman empire entered World War I, Kut was serving in the Ottoman High Command in Constantinople. He was the military commander of the Istanbul Vilayat between January and December 1914.[8]
In January 1916, he was given command of the Ottoman forces besieging the British garrison held up in Kut in southern Iraq.[9]
Role in Armenian genocide
editHalil Pasha was responsible for massacring Armenians during the course of the Armenian genocide.[2][3][4] He took part in the killings of civilians during the Siege of Van in 1915. He ordered Armenian men in the units under his command be put to death.[10] A Turkish officer in Halil's force testified that "Halil had the entire Armenian population (men, women and children) in the areas of Bitlis, Muş, and Beyazit also massacred without pity. My company received a similar order. Many of the victims were buried alive in especially prepared ditches."[5]
The German vice-consul of Erzurum Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter reported that "Halil Bey's campaign in northern Persia included the massacre of his Armenian and Syrian battalions and the expulsion of the Armenian, Syrian, and Persian population out of Persia ..."[6] After the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I he was charged for his role in the Armenian genocide before the Turkish Courts-Martial. Kut was arrested in January 1919 and later sent to detention in Malta.[11] He managed to evade prosecution and fled from detention to Anatolia in August 1920.[12]
Kut went on to claim in his memoirs that he had "more or less" killed 300,000 Armenians.[10] During a meeting with a group of Armenians in Yerevan in the summer of 1918, he declared to that he had "endeavored to wipe out the Armenian nation to the last individual."[10][13] Halil justified his actions by accusing the Armenians of being a threat to the Ottoman Empire. He wrote:
The Armenian nation, because it tried to erase my country from history as prisoners of the enemy in the most horrible and painful days of my homeland, which I had tried to annihilate to the last member of, the Armenian nation, which I want to restore its peace and luxury, because today it takes shelter under the virtue of the Turkish nation. If you remain loyal to the Turkish homeland, I'll do every good thing that I can. If you hook on several senseless Komitadjis again, and try to betray Turks and the Turkish homeland, I will order my forces which surround all your country and I won't leave even a single breathing Armenian all over the earth. Come to your senses.[14]
Kut was permitted to return to Turkey after the declaration of the Republic of Turkey in 1923. He died in 1957 in Istanbul. His last wish was to have rakı (an alcoholic drink) poured on his grave, which became a source of controversy among conservatives in Turkey.[15]
See also
editSources
edit- Biographical note - Khalil Pasha - downloaded from FirstWorldWar.com, January 13, 2006.
- Gaunt, David (2006). Massacres, resistance, protectors: muslim-christian relations in Eastern Anatolia during world war I (1st Gorgias Press ed.). Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias. ISBN 1-59333-301-3.[permanent dead link]
- Kiernan, Ben (2008). Blood and Soil: Modern Genocide 1500–2000. Melbourne University Publishing. ISBN 978-0-522-85477-0.
- Winter, J. M. (2003). America and the Armenian genocide of 1915. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-16382-1.
Notes
edit- ^ In this Ottoman Turkish style name, the given name is Halil, the title is Pasha, and there is no family name.
References
edit- ^ "Kutülamara kahramanı Halil Kut dün vefat etti", Milliyet, 21 August 1957.
- ^ a b Morris, B., Ze’evi, D. (2019). The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924. Harvard University Press. pp. 161–164.
- ^ a b Kiernan, B. (2007). Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur. Yale University Press. p. 413. ISBN 978-0-300-10098-3.
- ^ a b Winter, J., ed. (2003). America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915. Cambridge University Press. pp. 61–65. ISBN 978-0-521-82958-8.
- ^ a b Kiernan 2008, p. 413.
- ^ a b Gaunt 2006, p. 109.
- ^ Simon, Rachel (1987). Libya between Ottomanism and nationalism: the Ottoman involvement in Libya during the War with Italy (1911-1919). K. Schwarz. p. 140. ISBN 9783922968580.
- ^ Dadrian, Vahakn N. (1991). "The Documentation of the World War I Armenian Massacres in the Proceedings of the Turkish Military Tribunal". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 23 (4): 559. doi:10.1017/S0020743800023412. S2CID 159478874.
- ^ Eugene Rogan. The Fall of the Ottomans: The Great War in the Middle East (New York: Basic Books, 2015), pp. 245-46.
- ^ a b c Dadrian, Vahakn N. (2004-01-08), Winter, Jay (ed.), "The Armenian Genocide: an interpretation", America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915 (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 64–65, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511497605.005, ISBN 978-0-521-82958-8, retrieved 2023-04-11
- ^ Dadrian, Vahakn N.; Akçam, Taner (2011). Judgment at Istanbul: The Armenian Genocide Trials. Berghahn Books. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-85745-251-1.
- ^ Kévorkian, Raymond (2011). The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 794.
- ^ Gaunt 2006, pp. 108–110.
- ^ Halil Pasha, Bitmeyen Savaş, pp. 240–41. The original text reads: "Vatanımın en korkunç ve acı günlerinde vatanımı düşmana esir olarak tarihten silmeye kalktıkları için son ferdine kadar yok etmeye çalıştığım Ermeni Milleti, bugün Türk milletinin âlicenaplığına sığındığı için huzura ve rahata kavuşturmak istediğim Ermeni milleti. Eğer siz Türk vatanına sâdık kalırsanız elimden gelen her iyi şeyi yapacağım. Eğer yine bir takım şuursuz komitacılara takılarak Türk'e ve Türk vatanına ihanete kalkarsanız bütün memleketinizi saran ordularıma emir vererek dünya üstünde nefes alacak tek Ermeni bırakmayacağım, aklınızı başınıza alın."
- ^ Kut'ül Amare komutanı: Mezarıma rakı dökün