Wikipedia

Habar Makadur

This article is about the early formation of the clan. For the clan, see Gadabuursi.

The Habar Makadur, also known as Habar Makadoor, Habar Makadour, or Habar Maqdi,[1][2] are a subsection of the Gadabuursi Dir clan family.[3]

They reside primarily in three countries: Djibouti, Somalia, and Ethiopia.[4][5]

Distribution

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An old map showing the trade routes from Zeila to Harar featuring the Gadabuursi clan
 
An old map of Zeila featuring the Somali Gadabuursi Dir clan.
 
An old map of Harar featuring the Somali Gadabuursi Dir clan.

The Habar Makadur peoples have historically lived in and around Zeila, the Red Sea, and the Gulf of Aden. The Habar Makadur subclan is primarily found in:

  • Djibouti: They form a significant portion of the Somali population in Djibouti, particular in Quartier 5 of Djibouti City.[6]
  • Ethiopia: In Ethiopia, they are predominantly found in the Somali region, Harar, and Dire Dawa.[7] The Habar Makadur clan historically lived in Harar and its surrounding areas. The Gadabuursi controlled trade routes up to Zeila and had connections with the emirs of Harar.[8]
  • Somalia: They inhabit the northwestern region, particularly in the Awdal region, and in the Gabiley District within Waqooyi Galbeed.[9][10]

History

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Role in the Adal Sultanate

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Territory of the Habar Makadur peoples, within the Adal sultanate.

The Habar Makadur have played a crucial role in the Adal Sultanate, a medieval Muslim state in the Horn of Africa. The Gadabuursi, including the Habar Makadur, fought against the Ethiopian kingdom, during the events of the Conquest of Abyssinia. This campaign was led by Imam Ahmed Gurey also known as Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi.[11]

The Futuh Al-Habasha describes their participation in several battles and their significant contributions to the military campaigns of Ahmed Gurey. They were among the first clans to join the battle and were known for their large armies and loyalty to Imam Ahmed Gurey.[12]

I. M. Lewis gives an invaluable reference to an Arabic manuscript on the history of the Gadabuursi Somali. 'This Chronicle opens', Lewis tells us, 'with an account of the wars of Imam 'Ali Si'id (d. 1392) from whom the Gadabuursi today trace their descent, and who is described as the only Muslim leader fighting on the western flank in the armies of Se'ad ad-Din, ruler of Zeila.[13]

I. M. Lewis (1959) states:

"Further light on the Dir advance and Galla withdrawal seems to be afforded by an Arabic manuscript describing the history of the Gadabursi clan. This chronicle opens with an account of the wars of Imam 'Ali Si'id (d. 1392), from whom the Gadabursi today trace their descent and who is described as the only Muslim leader fighting on the Western flank in the armies of Sa'd ad-Din (d. 1415), ruler of Zeila."[13]

I. M. Lewis (1959) also highlights that the Gadabuursi were in conflict with the Galla, during and after the campaigns against the Christian Abyssinians:

"These campaigns were clearly against the Christian Abyssinians, but it appears from the chronicle that the Gadabursi were also fighting the Galla. A later leader of the clan, Ugas 'Ali Makahil, who was born in 1575 at Dobo, north of the present town of Borama in the west of the British Protectorate, is recorded as having inflicted a heavy defeat on Galla forces at Nabadid, a village in the Protectorate."[14]

Shihab al-Din Ahmad mentions the Habr Maqdi (Habr Makadur) by name in his famous book Futuh al Habasha. He states:

"Among the Somali tribes there was another called Habr Maqdi, from which the imam had demanded the alms tax. They refused to pay it, resorting to banditry on the roads, and acting evilly towards the country."[15]

Richard Pankhurst (2003) states that the Habr Maqdi are the Habr Makadur of the Gadabuursi.[16]

The Conquest of Abyssinia

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The Habar Makadur clan played a prominent role in the Adal-Abyssinian War. They were known for their large and well-equipped armies. Their strategic location and involvement in various battles have been noted as a crucial part of the campaign, especially their interactions with Imam Ahmed Gurey.[17]

The Habar Makadur were known as skilled patrolmen who controlled the route to Berbera, during the Conquest of Abyssinia.[18]

Ahmed Gurey

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The Habar Makadur of the Gadabuursi, consider the Imam Ahmed Gurey of the Adal Sultanate, a descendant from Abrayn of the Mahad 'Ase from the Awdal region.[19][19]

Born in Zeila, the Habar Makadur claim Imam Ahmed Gurey as from Abrayn, Mahad Ase, Makadur.[20][21][22]

Genealogy

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The genealogy of the Habar Makadur traces back to Sheikh Samaroon.[23][24]

Prominent figures from the Habar Makadur, including Husain Musa Bin 'Abd Allah Makida/Habar Makadur. Hussain was a prominent figure in within the Gadabuursi family in the Adal Sultanate.[25][26]

Sub Clans

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The Habar Makadur are divided into two sub clans known as the Makahil and Mahad 'Ase, shown below:

Makahil

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  • 'Eli
  • 'Iye
  • 'Abdalle (Bahabar 'Abdalle)
  • Hassan (Bahabar Hassan)
  • Muse
  • Younis

Further divisions of the Makahil are shown within the Muse and Younis subclans.

Muse
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Younis (Reer Yoonis)
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  • Ali Younis
  • Jibril Younis
  • Adan Younis
  • Nur Younis (Reer Nuur)

The divisions of the Mahad 'Ase are shown below.

Mahad 'Ase

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  • Bahabar Abokor
  • Bahabar Muse
  • Habr Musa
  • Bahabar Aden
  • Bababar 'Eli
  • Reer Mohamed
  • Ibrahim (Abrayn), also known as the sub clan of Ahmed Gurey.

References

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  1. ^ Ferrand, Gabriel (1903). Les Çomâlis (in French). E. Leroux.
  2. ^ Ross, Sir Edward Denison (1928). An Index to the Arabic History of Gujarat: Ẓafar Al-wālih Bi-Muẓaffar Wa-ālih by Abdalláh Muhammad Bin ʻOmar Al-Makkʹi, Al-ʹAṣafʹi, Ulughkhʹnʹi ... : Being a List of Persons and Places Connected with the History of the Muslims in India Down to the Beginnning of the Seventeenth Century. J. Murray for the Government of India.
  3. ^ Chatelier, Alfred Le (1903). Matériaux d'études sur les pays musulmans (in French). E. Leroux.
  4. ^ Britain), Royal Geographical Society (Great (1885). Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography. Edward Stanford.
  5. ^ Yakan, Mohamad (2017-11-30). Almanac of African Peoples and Nations. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-28930-6.
  6. ^ Imbert-Vier, Simon (2011). Tracer des frontières à Djibouti: des territoires et des hommes aux XIXe et XXe siècles (in French). KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 978-2-8111-0506-8.
  7. ^ Slikkerveer, Leendert Jan (2013-10-28). Plural Medical Systems In The Horn Of Africa: The Legacy Of Sheikh Hippocrates. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-14330-4.
  8. ^ The Asiatic Review. Westminster Chamber. 1935.
  9. ^ Afrika Spectrum. Deutsches Institut für Afrika-Forschung. 2008.
  10. ^ Canada, Immigration and Refugee Board of (1994-05-12). "Information on the situation of Gadabursi clan members in Gebileh in, north west of Somaliland [SOM17272.E]". www.ecoi.net. Retrieved 2024-07-03.
  11. ^ Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (2003-02-25). Historical Dictionary of Somalia. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6604-1.
  12. ^ ʻArabfaqīh, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir; Pankhurst, Richard (2003). The Conquest of Abyssinia: 16th Century. Tsehai Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 978-0-9723172-6-9.
  13. ^ a b Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland (1 January 1975). The Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 153. ISBN 9780521209816.
  14. ^ I. M. Lewis (1959) "The Galla in Northern Somaliland" (PDF). These campaigns were clearly against the Christian Abyssinians, but it appears from the chronicle that the Gadabursi were also fighting the Galla. A later leader of the clan, Ugas 'Ali Makahil, who was born in 1575 at Dobo, north of the present town of Borama in the west of the British Protectorate, is recorded as having inflicted a heavy defeat on Galla forces at Nabadid, a village in the Protectorate.
  15. ^ ʻArabfaqīh, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir (2003-01-01). The conquest of Abyssinia: 16th century. Tsehai Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 9780972317269. Among the Somali tribes there was another called Habr Maqdi, from which the imam had demanded the alms tax. They refused to pay it, resorting to banditry on the roads, and acting evilly towards the country.
  16. ^ ʻArabfaqīh, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir (2003-01-01). The conquest of Abyssinia: 16th century. Tsehai Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 9780972317269.
  17. ^ Ulughkhānī, ʻAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ʻUmar; Ross, Sir Edward Denison (1928). ظفر الواله بمظفر وآله: Zafar Ul-wálih Bi Muzaffar Wa Ālih (in Arabic). J. Murray.
  18. ^ ألغخاني, حجي الدبير، عبد الله المكي الآصفي (1997). ظفر الواله بمظفر وآله في تاريخ كجرات. المجلد 3 (in Arabic). Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University.
  19. ^ a b Peacock, A. C. S. (2017-03-08). Islamisation: Comparative Perspectives from History. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-1714-3.
  20. ^ Tasci, Ufuk Necat. "Ahmad Gurey: A Somali Muslim ruler who repelled Portuguese invasions". Ahmad Gurey: A Somali Muslim ruler who repelled Portuguese invasions. Retrieved 2024-07-03.
  21. ^ Horn of Africa Conflict. The Ministry. 1982.
  22. ^ Uhlig, Siegbert (2003). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C. Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3-447-04746-3.
  23. ^ "Abtirsi.com : Mohamud (Samaron) Saeid Daud ( Gadabursi )". www.abtirsi.com. Retrieved 2024-07-03.
  24. ^ Lewis, I. M. (1998). Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho. Red Sea Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-56902-105-7.
  25. ^ "The Habar Makador of the Gadabuursi of the Conquest of Abyssinia: Futuh Al Habasha". Samaroon - Gadabuursi. 2016-10-27. Retrieved 2024-07-03.
  26. ^ Nuova antologia di scienze, lettere ed arti (in Italian). Direzione della Nuova Antologia. 1890.
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