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Greenhouse gas emissions by Russia

Greenhouse gas emissions by Russia are mostly from fossil gas, oil and coal. Russia emits 2[1]: 17  or 3[2] billion tonnes CO2eq of greenhouse gases each year; about 4% of world emissions.[3][4] Annual carbon dioxide emissions alone are about 12 tons per person, more than double the world average.[5] Cutting greenhouse gas emissions, and therefore air pollution in Russia, would have health benefits greater than the cost.[6] The country is the world's biggest methane emitter,[7] and 4 billion dollars worth of methane was estimated to leak in 2019/20.[8]

Reftinskaya GRES: the largest coal-fired power station in Russia

Russia's greenhouse gas emissions decreased by 30% between 1990 and 2018, excluding emissions from land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF).[9] Russia's goal is to reach net zero by 2060, but its energy strategy to 2035 is mostly about burning more fossil fuels.[10][11] Reporting military emissions is voluntary and, as of 2024, no data is available since before the 2022 invasion of Ukraine.[12]

Sources

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Russia is one of the largest greenhouse gas emitters, both nationally and per person.[13]

Greenhouse gas emissions by Russia have great impact on climate change since the country is the fourth-largest greenhouse gas emitter in the world.[14] Climate Trace estimate that 60% of the country's emissions comes from fossil fuel operations and 24% from the power sector.[2] In 2017, Russia emitted 2155 Mt of CO2, while 578 Mt was reabsorbed by land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF).[15]

2155 Mt of CO2 was emitted in 2017 but 578 Mt was reabsorbed by land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF).[16]

 
Russia electricity production by year. Fossil fuels used in electricity generation is a source of greenhouse gases.

Russia must submit its inventory of 2018 emissions to the UNFCCC by 15 April 2020, and so on for each calendar year.[17]

In 2017, Russia emitted 11.32 tons of CO2 per person.[18] But according to the Washington Post methane emissions are under-reported.[19]

Energy

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In 2017 Russia's energy sector, which under IPCC guidelines includes fuel for transport, emitted almost 80% of the country's greenhouse gases.[16] Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) emitted over 10%. The largest emitters are energy industries—mainly electricity generation—followed by fugitive emissions from fuels, and then transport.[16] According to Climate Trace the largest point source is Urengoyskoye gas field at over 150 Mt in 2021.[20]

Energy from fossil fuels

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See also: Energy policy of Russia, Coal in Russia, and Electricity sector in Russia

Most emissions are from the energy sector extracting and burning fossil fuels.[21]

CO2 emissions by sector, 2021[22]

  Electricity and heat producers (49.73%)
  Industry (17.08%)
  Transport (15.11%)
  Residential (11.89%)
  Other energy industries (3.14%)
  Commercial and public services (1.26%)
  Final consumption not elsewhere specified (0.91%)
  Agriculture (0.77%)
  Fishing (0.11%)

According to the Russian Science Foundation in 2019, the natural influx of greenhouse gases from terrestrial ecosystems in Russia constantly changes. Measuring these influxes had shown that greenhouses gases into the atmosphere in short time intervals is contributing to the deceleration of warming in Russia. This is attributed to the fact that the effect of temperature growth deceleration, due to absorption of CO2 by the terrestrial ecosystems from the atmosphere, is stronger than the effect of warming acceleration caused by the emission of CH4 into the atmosphere.[citation needed]

The effect of terrestrial ecosystems contributing to the deceleration of global warming in the Russian regions grows in the first half of the 21st century and decreases by the end of the century upon reaching the maximum, depending on the scenario of anthropogenic emissions, under all studied scenarios of anthropogenic impacts resulting from the growth in natural emissions of CH4 and the decrease in CO2 absorption by the terrestrial ecosystems. In accordance with the results obtained, under the scenarios of anthropogenic emissions considered, the natural emissions from the Russian regions will also accelerate climate warming on the short time horizons under the climate conditions of the second half of the 21st century.[citation needed]

Electricity generation

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Public information from space-based measurements of carbon dioxide by Climate Trace is expected to reveal individual large plants before the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference.[23]

Gas fired power stations
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Gas fired power stations are a major source.[24]

Agriculture

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In 2017, agriculture emitted 6% of Russia's greenhouse gases.[16]

Waste

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In 2017, waste emitted 4% of the country's greenhouse gases.[16]

Land

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Russian challenges for forests include control of illegal logging,[25] corruption, forest fires[26] and land use.

As well as trees burning peat burning in wildfires emits carbon.[27] Black carbon on Arctic snow and ice is a problem as it absorbs heat.[28]

Mitigation

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Russia greenhouse gas per capita compare world

Energy

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In 2020, Russia released a draft long-term strategy, to reduce CO2 emissions by 33% by 2030 compared to 1990. It did not plan to reach net zero until as late as 2100.[29] Reducing methane leaks would help, as Russia is the largest methane emitter.[28]

Industry

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Efforts to decarbonize steel and aluminium production were delayed by the Russo-Ukrainian war and international sanctions during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[30]

Economics

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Decarbonization in China, such as increasing use of solar power and electric vehicles, may eventually reduce Chinese demand for Russian oil and gas.[31]

Carbon sinks

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Carbon sinks, which in Russia consist mainly of forests, offset about a quarter of national emissions in 2017.[16]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Joint Research Centre (European Commission); Olivier, J. G. J.; Guizzardi, D.; Schaaf, E.; Solazzo, E.; Crippa, M.; Vignati, E.; Banja, M.; Muntean, M. (2021). GHG emissions of all world: 2021 report. LU: Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/173513. ISBN 978-92-76-41546-6.
  2. ^ a b "CO2 Emissions: Russia - 2021 - Climate TRACE". climatetrace.org. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
  3. ^ "BROWN TO GREEN: THE G20 TRANSITION TO A LOW-CARBON ECONOMY | 2017" (PDF). Climate Transparency.
  4. ^ "Report: China emissions exceed all developed nations combined". BBC News. 2021-05-07. Retrieved 2021-05-07.
  5. ^ Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max; Rosado, Pablo (2020-05-11). "CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions". Our World in Data.
  6. ^ Sampedro, Jon; Smith, Steven J.; Arto, Iñaki; González-Eguino, Mikel; Markandya, Anil; Mulvaney, Kathleen M.; Pizarro-Irizar, Cristina; Van Dingenen, Rita (2020-03-01). "Health co-benefits and mitigation costs as per the Paris Agreement under different technological pathways for energy supply". Environment International. 136: 105513. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105513. hdl:10810/44202. ISSN 0160-4120. PMID 32006762.
  7. ^ Rust, Susanne; Times, Los Angeles. "How badly will Russia's war torpedo hopes for global climate cooperation?". phys.org. Retrieved 2022-03-26.
  8. ^ "Satellites map huge methane plumes from oil and gas". BBC News. 2022-02-04. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
  9. ^ "Report on the technical review of the fourth biennial report of the Russian Federation" (PDF).
  10. ^ "Nationally determined contribution of the Russian Federation" (PDF).
  11. ^ "Does Russia have a climate plan to reduce carbon emissions?". euronews. 2022-03-18. Retrieved 2022-03-26.
  12. ^ "The Military Emissions Gap – Tracking the long war that militaries are waging on the climate". Retrieved 2024-09-14.
  13. ^ ● Source for carbon emissions data: "Territorial (MtCO₂) / Emissions / Carbon emissions / Chart View". Global Carbon Atlas. 2024.
    ● Source for country population data: "Population 2022" (PDF). World Bank. 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 October 2024.
  14. ^ "Historical GHG Emissions". Retrieved 2021-05-18.
  15. ^ "Summary of GHG Emissions for Russian Federation" (PDF).
  16. ^ a b c d e f "Summary of GHG Emissions for Russian Federation" (PDF). UNFCCC.
  17. ^ "Reporting requirements | UNFCCC". unfccc.int. Retrieved 2019-10-08.
  18. ^ Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max (2020-06-11). "CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions". Our World in Data.
  19. ^ "6 takeaways from our investigation into greenhouse gas emissions". Washington Post. 2022-04-20. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
  20. ^ "Emissions Map - Climate TRACE". climatetrace.org. Archived from the original on 2022-11-23. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
  21. ^ "Country Inventory - Climate TRACE". www.climatetrace.org. Retrieved 2024-09-14.
  22. ^ "Russia - Countries & Regions". IEA. Retrieved 2024-05-10.
  23. ^ "Transcript: The Path Forward: Al Gore on Climate and the Economy". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
  24. ^ IntelliNews, Ben Aris for bne (2019-09-30). "The Cost of Carbon in Russia". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 2019-10-29.
  25. ^ "Russia's forests threatened by illegal logging | DW | 25.03.2019". DW.COM. Retrieved 2019-10-29.
  26. ^ "Massive wildfires helped fuel global forest losses in 2021". The Washington Post.
  27. ^ Page, Michael Le. "Russia has declared a state of emergency over Siberian wildfires". New Scientist. Retrieved 2019-10-29.
  28. ^ a b "How badly will Russia's war torpedo hopes for global climate cooperation?". Los Angeles Times. 2022-03-07. Retrieved 2022-03-09.
  29. ^ "Russia's Proposed Climate Plan Means Higher Emissions Through 2050". World Resources Institute. 2020-04-13. Retrieved 2020-11-29.
  30. ^ "What Russia's War in Ukraine Means for Efforts to Cut Emissions". Bloomberg.com. 2022-04-28. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
  31. ^ "Will Climate Change Drive a Wedge Between Russia and China?". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 2024-09-14.
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