The Great Hinckley Fire was a conflagration in the pine forests of the U.S. state of Minnesota in September 1894, which burned an area of at least 200,000 acres (810 km2; 310 sq mi)[1] (perhaps more than 250,000 acres [1,000 km2; 390 sq mi]), including the town of Hinckley. The official death count was 418; the actual number of fatalities was likely higher.[2] Other sources put the death toll at 476.[3]
| Great Hinckley Fire | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Date(s) | September 1, 1894 to September 6, 1894 3:00 p.m. (CDT) |
| Location | Pine County, near Hinckley, Minnesota, US |
| Statistics | |
| Burned area | 200,000 acres (810 km2) |
| Land use | Logging |
| Impacts | |
| Deaths | 418+ |
| Ignition | |
| Cause | Drought |
Description
editAfter a two-month summer drought, combined with very high temperatures, several small fires started in the pine forests of Pine County, Minnesota. The fires' spread apparently was due to the then-common method of lumber harvesting, wherein trees were stripped of their branches in place; these branches littered the ground with flammable debris. Also contributing was a temperature inversion that trapped the gases from the fires. The scattered blazes united into a firestorm.[4] The temperature rose to at least 2,000 °F (1,100 °C). Barrels of nails melted into one mass, and in the yards of the Eastern Minnesota Railroad, the wheels of the cars fused with the rails.[5] Some residents escaped by climbing into wells, ponds, or the Grindstone River. Others clambered aboard two crowded trains that pulled out of the threatened town minutes ahead of the fire.
James Root, the engineer of the St. Paul & Duluth Railroad's No. 4 Limited train, heading for Saint Paul from Duluth, rescued nearly 300 people by backing up a train nearly five miles to Skunk Lake, where the passengers took cover in the swamp from the fire. William Best was an engineer on a train sent specifically to evacuate people.[6][7]
According to the Hinckley Fire Museum:
Because of the dryness of the summer, fires were common in the woods, along railroad tracks and in logging camps where loggers would set fire to their slash to clean up the area before moving on. Some loggers, of course left their debris behind, giving any fire more fuel on which to grow. Saturday, September 1st, 1894 began as another oppressively hot day with fires surrounding the towns and two major fires that were burning about five miles (8.0 km) to the south. To add to the problem, the temperature inversion that day added to the heat, smoke and gases being held down by the huge layer of cool air above. The two fires managed to join together to make one large fire with flames that licked through the inversion finding the cool air above. That air came rushing down into the fires to create a vortex or tornado of flames which then began to move quickly and grew larger and larger turning into a fierce firestorm. The fire first destroyed the towns of Mission Creek and Brook Park before coming into the town of Hinckley. When it was over the Firestorm had completely destroyed six towns, and over 400 square miles (1,000 km2) lay black and smoldering. The firestorm was so devastating that it lasted only four hours but destroyed everything in its path.[8]
Aftermath
editThe fire destroyed the town of Hinckley (which at the time had a population of over 1,400) as well as the smaller nearby settlements of Mission Creek, Brook Park, Sandstone, Miller, Partridge and Pokegama.[2]
The exact number of fatalities is difficult to determine. The official coroner's report counted 413 dead while the fire's official monument notes 418.[2][9] An unknown number of Native Americans and backcountry dwellers were also killed in the fire; bodies continued to be found years later.[10][11] It is second only to the 1918 Cloquet Fire (where 453 were killed) as the deadliest in Minnesota history, and the third deadliest in U.S. history, after the Peshtigo Fire.
Memorials
edit
Today, a 37-mile (60 km) section of the Willard Munger State Trail, from Hinckley to Barnum, is a memorial to the fire and the devastation it caused. In the town of Hinckley, on Highway 61, the Hinckley Fire Museum is located in the former Northern Pacific Railway depot. It is located a few feet north of the former depot, which burned down in the fire. It is open from May 1 until the end of October.[12]
Lutheran Memorial Cemetery in Hinckley has a historical marker and granite obelisk as a memorial to those who perished in the fire. 248 residents of Hinckley perished in the fire and are buried in a mass grave at this cemetery. Some are unidentified.
The Brook Park Cemetery on County Road 126, south of Minnesota State Highway 23, has an historical marker plaque and a memorial to the 23 fire victims of Brook Park, with a tall obelisk on top of a granite marker.[13]
Boston Corbett
editThomas P. "Boston" Corbett, the Union soldier who killed John Wilkes Booth after Booth's assassination of Abraham Lincoln, is presumed to have died in the fire. His last known residence is believed to have been a forest settlement near Hinckley, and a "Thomas Corbett" is listed as one of the dead or missing.[14][15][16]
See also
edit- Baudette fire of 1910
- Cloquet fire of 1918
- Lahaina Fire of 2023
- Peshtigo Fire of 1871
- Thumb Fire of 1881
References
edit- ^ Haines, Donald A.; Sando, Rodney W. (1969). "Climatic Conditions Preceding Historical Great Fires in the North Central Region". North Central Experimentation Forest Service. US Department of Agriculture.
- ^ a b c "The Great Hinckley Fire of 1894". Archived from the original on August 7, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
- ^ Headlines and Heros. A Treasury of Railroad Folklore. New York, Bonaza Books, 1953
- ^ "Early Hinckley - before and after the fire". Seans.com. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved October 9, 2010.
- ^ Snow, Richard F. (May 1977). "The Hinckley Fire". American Heritage. Archived from the original on December 14, 2009. Retrieved September 24, 2010.
- ^ "Little-known Canadian saved hundreds of lives". Canada's History Magazine, Online. Archived from the original on November 14, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
- ^ "The Life of the Pullman Porter". SCSRA.
- ^ "Early Hinckley – before and after the fire". Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
- ^ Wilkinson, William (1895). Memorials of the Minnesota Forest Fires in the Year 1894. N. E. Wilkinson. pp. 103–125.
- ^ Lyseth, Alaina Wolter (2014). Hinckley and the Fire of 1894. Arcadia Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 9781467112963.
- ^ Brown, Daniel (2006). Under a Flaming Sky: The Great Hinckley Firestorm of 1894. Globe Pequot. p. 202.
- ^ "Hinckley Fire MUSEUM". Archived from the original on March 25, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
- ^ "Brook Park Cemetery Monuments". Retrieved April 27, 2017.
- ^ Lincoln Herald, Vol. 86, Lincoln Memorial University Press, 1984, pp. 152–155
- ^ Kubicek, Earl C, "The Case of the Mad Hatter", Lincoln Herald, Vol. 83, Lincoln Memorial University Press, 1981, pp. 708–719
- ^ Clayton, W.W., History of Steuben County, NY, p. 390
Further reading
edit- Gilman, Rhoda R. (1991). The Story of Minnesota's Past. Minnesota Historical Society Press. ISBN 0-87351-267-7.
- Brown, Daniel James (2006). Under a Flaming Sky: The Great Hinckley Firestorm of 1894. The Lyons Press. ISBN 1-59228-863-4.
- "Hinckley Fire of 1894". Minnesota Historical Society Library, History Topics.
- "The Story of James Root". UMN.edu. Archived from the original on February 6, 2006. Retrieved March 4, 2006.
External links
edit- "History of Hinckley". Hinckleymn.com. Archived from the original on February 9, 2009. Retrieved August 27, 2005.
- "The Great Fire of 1894". Minnesota Alliance for Geographical Education, Macalester College. Archived from the original on September 4, 2006.
- "Hinckley, Pine County, Minnesota, Forest Fire Deaths, 1894". Minnesota Genealogy. Archived from the original on June 26, 2007. Retrieved December 7, 2006.