Goniasteridae (the biscuit stars) constitute the largest family of sea stars, included in the order Valvatida. They are mostly deep-dwelling species, but the family also include several colorful shallow tropical species.
| Goniasteridae Temporal range:
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| Pentagonaster duebeni | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Class: | Asteroidea |
| Order: | Valvatida |
| Family: | Goniasteridae Forbes, 1841 |
| Genera | |
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See text | |
Description
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Goniasteridae are usually middle-sized sea stars with a characteristic double range of marginal plates bordering the disk and arms. Most of them have five arms, often short and triangular, around a broad central disc; many species are pentagonal or subpentagonal, covered densely with granular, seed-like protuberances, hence the name of the family "seed-star" (gonium+aster). The aboral face is often covered with tiny spines looking like paxillae. Pedicellariae are often valvate, and the gonads are located at the interradius.[1]
Main identification keys for this group include the presence of paxillae, granules, teeth, spines, or the shape and dimensions of marginal plate.[2]
Location and habitat
editThey occur predominantly on deep-water continental shelf habitats (but a part of them inhabit shallow waters)[3] in all the world's oceans, being the most diverse in the Indo-Pacific region.[4]
List of genera
editAbout 260 extant species within 70 genera are currently known, which make this family the most diverse of all the sea stars,[5] even if half of the genera are monospecific. Species belonging to the Ferdininae subfamily have been imported from Ophidiasteridae thanks to a large revision of these two families in 2017[6]
According to World Register of Marine Species, this family includes the following genera:[7]
- genus Anthenoides Perrier, 1881 -- 10 species
- genus Apollonaster Halpern, 1970 -- 2 species
- genus Astroceramus Fisher, 1906 -- 9 species
- genus Astropatricia McKnight, 2006 -- 1 species
- genus Astrothauma Fisher, 1913 -- 1 species
- genus Atelorias Fisher, 1911 -- 1 species
- genus Bathyceramaster Mah, 2016 -- 2 species
- genus Calliaster Gray, 1840 -- 12 species
- genus Calliderma Gray, 1847 -- 1 species
- genus Ceramaster Verrill, 1899 -- 18 species
- genus Chitonaster Sladen, 1889 -- 4 species
- genus Circeaster Koehler, 1909 -- 9 species
- genus Cladaster Verrill, 1899 -- 4 species
- genus Diplasiaster Halpern, 1970 -- 1 species
- genus Enigmaster McKnight & H.E.S. Clark, 1996 -- 1 species
- genus Eratosaster Mah, 2011 -- 1 species
- subfamily Ferdininae Mah 2017
- genus Bathyferdina Mah 2017 -- 1 species
- genus Eosaster Mah, 2017 -- 1 species
- genus Ferdina Gray, 1840 -- 3 species
- genus Kanakaster Mah, 2017 -- 6 species
- genus Neoferdina Livingstone, 1931 -- 12 species
- genus Paraferdina James, 1973 -- 3 species
- genus Floriaster Downey, 1980 -- 1 species
- genus Fromia Gray, 1840 -- 16 species
- genus Gigantaster Döderlein, 1924 -- 1 species
- genus Glyphodiscus Fisher, 1917 -- 3 species
- genus Goniaster L. Agassiz, 1836 -- 1 species
- subfamily Hippasterinae
- genus Evoplosoma Fisher, 1906 -- 8 species
- genus Gilbertaster Fisher, 1906 -- 2 species
- genus Hippasteria Gray, 1840 -- 11 species
- genus Sthenaster Mah, Nizinski & Lundsten, 2010 -- 1 species
- genus Iconaster Sladen, 1889 -- 4 species
- genus Johannaster Koehler, 1909 -- 1 species
- genus Kermitaster H.E.S. Clark, 2001 -- 1 species
- genus Lithosoma Fisher, 1911 -- 6 species
- genus Litonotaster Verrill, 1899 -- 4 species
- genus Lydiaster Koehler, 1909 -- 1 species
- genus Mabahissaster Macan, 1938 -- 1 species
- genus Mariaster A.H. Clark, 1916 -- 1 species
- genus Mediaster Stimpson, 1857 -- 17 species
- genus Milteliphaster Alcock, 1893 -- 2 species
- genus Nectria Gray, 1840 -- 8 species
- genus Neoferdina Livingstone, 1931 -- 6 species
- genus Notioceramus Fisher, 1940 -- 1 species
- genus Nymphaster Sladen, 1889 -- 16 species
- genus Ogmaster von Martens, 1865 -- 1 species
- genus Peltaster Verrill, 1899 -- 3 species
- subfamily Pentagonasterinae Perrier
- genus Akelbaster Mah, 2007 -- 1 species
- genus Anchitosia Mah, 2007 -- 1 species
- genus Eknomiaster HES Clark in HES Clark & D.G. McKnight, 2001 -- 2 species
- genus Pawsonaster Mah, 2007 -- 1 species
- genus Pentagonaster Gray, 1840 -- 5 species
- genus Ryukuaster Mah, 2007 -- 1 species
- genus Toraster A.M. Clark, 1952 -- 1 species
- genus Tosia Gray, 1840 -- 3 species
- genus Pergamaster Koehler, 1920 -- 2 species
- genus Pillsburiaster Halpern, 1970 -- 7 species
- genus Plinthaster Verrill, 1899 -- 5 species
- genus Pontioceramus Fisher, 1911 -- 1 species
- genus Progoniaster Döderlein, 1924 -- 1 species
- genus Pseudoceramaster Jangoux, 1981 -- 2 species
- genus Pseudogoniodiscaster Livingstone, 1930 -- 1 species
- genus Rosaster Perrier, 1894 -- 11 species
- genus Sibogaster Döderlein, 1924 -- 2 species
- genus Siraster H.L. Clark, 1915 -- 1 species
- genus Sphaeriodiscus Fisher, 1910 -- 7 species
- genus Stellaster Gray, 1840 -- 7 species
- genus Stellasteropsis Dollfus, 1936 -- 3 species
- genus Styphlaster H.L. Clark, 1938 -- 1 species
- genus Tessellaster H.L. Clark, 1941 -- 1 species
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Extinct genera
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Lists of genera containing extinct species according to fossilworks.[8]
- Bugarachaster Breton 1992
- Buterminaster Blake and Zinsmeister 1988
- Caletaster Breton 1978
- Capellia Blake and Reid 1998
- Cenomanaster Wright 1951
- Chomataster Spencer 1913
- Codellaster Blake and Kues 2002
- Comptonia Gray 1840
- Comptoniaster Breton 1983
- Cottreauaster Wright 1951
- Crateraster Spencer 1913
- Cymbaster Breton and Néraudeau 2008
- Fayoumaster Roman and Strougo 1987
- Fomalhautia Blake and Reid 1998
- Forbesiaster de Loriol 1909
- Fredaster Breton and Néraudeau 2008
- Galbaster Villier et al. 2004
- Haccourtaster Jagt 2000
- Hessaster Gale 2011
- Huroeaster Valette 1915
- Leptogonium Pomel 1885
- Marocaster Blake and Reboul 2011
- Mastaster Mercier 1935
- Metopaster Sladen 1893
- Miopentagonaster Mercier 1935
- Nehalemia Blake 1973
- Noviaster Valette 1929
- Ocalaster Blake and Portell 2009
- Ophryaster Spencer 1913
- Oyenaster Blake and Portell 2009
- Pachyaster de Loriol 1909
- Parametopaster Breton 1992
- Pentetagonaster d'Orbigny 1850
- Pulcinellaster Breton 1992
- Recurvaster Brünnich-Nielsen 1943
- Skiaster Blake and Jagt 2005
- Spenceraster Lambert 1914
- Sucia Blake 1973
- Talecaster Breton 1992
- Teichaster Spencer 1913
- Tomidaster Sladen 1891
- Tylasteria Valette 1929
References
edit- ^ "Family Goniasteridae". Marine Species Identification Portal.
- ^ "Family Goniasteridae". nzetc.victoria.ac.nz.
- ^ Mah, Christopher L. (2015-03-05). "New species, corallivory, in situ video observations, and overview of the Goniasteridae (Valvatida, Asteroidea) in the Hawaiian region". Zootaxa. 3926 (2): 211–228. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3926.2.3. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 25781779.
- ^ Clark, A. M. An index of names of recent Asteroidea Part 2: Valvatida. Echinoderm Studies 4 (1993)
- ^ Christopher Mah (23 April 2013). "How many starfish species are there ? Where do they Live ? How long have they been around ? Five Points about Sea Star Diversity". The Echinoblog.
- ^ Christopher Mah, "Overview of the Ferdina-like Goniasteridae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) including a new subfamily, three new genera and fourteen new species", Zootaxa, vol. 4271, 2017.
- ^ Christopher Mah (2014), Goniasteridae Forbes, 1841, In: Mah, C.L. (2014) World Asteroidea database, accessed through World Register of Marine Species
- ^ "Fossilworks: Goniasteridae". fossilworks.org. Retrieved 2019-04-06.
Media related to Goniasteridae at Wikimedia Commons