Germ theory denialism is the pseudoscientific belief that germs do not cause infectious disease, and that the germ theory of disease is wrong.[1] It usually involves arguing that Louis Pasteur's model of infectious disease was wrong, and that Antoine Béchamp's was right. In fact, its origins are rooted in Béchamp's empirically disproven (in the context of disease) theory of pleomorphism.[2] Another obsolete variation is known as terrain theory and postulates that germs morphologically change in response to environmental factors, subsequently causing disease, rather than germs being the sole cause of it.[3]
History
editGerm theory denialism is as old as germ theory itself, beginning with the rivalry of Pasteur and Béchamp. Pasteur's work in preventing beverage contamination led him to discover that it was due to microorganisms and led him to become the first scientist to prove the validity of the theory and to popularize it in Europe.[2] Before him, scientists such as Girolamo Fracastoro (who had the idea that fomites could harbor the seeds of contagion), Agostino Bassi (who discovered that the muscardine disease of silkworms was caused by a fungus that was named Beauveria bassiana), Friedrich Henle (who developed the concepts of contagium vivum and contagium animatum), and others had proposed ideas similar to germ theory.[4][5]
Béchamp strongly contested Pasteur's view, proposing a competing idea known as the pleomorphic theory of disease. This theory says that all life is based on forms that a certain class of organisms take during stages of their life cycles and that germs are attracted to the environment of diseased tissue rather than being the cause of it.[6] Proponents of this idea insist that microbes that live in an organism go through the same stages of their development. According to Günther Enderlein, the stages are as follows:[7]
Terrain theory
editThe terrain theory is a variation of Béchamp's ideas that is also an obsolete medical theory that held that diseases were caused by the composition of the body. The "terrain", will attract germs to come as scavengers of the weakened or poorly defended tissue. Béchamp believed that the pH of the body is important, and that an acidic pH will attract germs and an alkaline pH will repel them. Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation with a series of experiments in the 1870s.[4] However, understanding the cause of a sickness does not always immediately lead to effective treatment of sickness, and the great decline in mortality during the 19th century stemmed mostly from improvements in hygiene and cleanliness. In fact, one of the first movements to deny the germ theory, the Sanitary Movement, was nevertheless central in developing America's public health infrastructure. Providing clean water and sanitation reduced the environment for pathogens to develop, and mortality rates fell dramatically.[8][9][10]
Status
editGerm theory denialism is counter to over a century of experiments and practical observations, and the prevailing opinion of almost all doctors and scientists.[1][2][11]
A common thread among many alternative medicine proponents is opposition to vaccines, and some use their disbelief in germ theory to justify their claims.[12] Germ theory deniers make many claims about the biological underpinnings of the theory and the historical record[13][14] that are at odds with what most modern scientists and historians accept.[1][2][4][15] Another claim from the anti-vaccine community involves the theory that all diseases are caused by toxins due to inadequate diet and health practices.[16]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c Novella, Steven (2010-11-04). "Germ Theory Denial". neurologica blog. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
- ^ a b c d Gorski, David (2010-08-09). "Germ theory denialism: A major strain in "alt-med" thought". Science-Based Medicine. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
- ^ Madigan, M.T.; Martinko, J.M. (2006). Brock Biology of Microorganisms. Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0132017848. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
- ^ a b c "Germ Theory". Contagion – Historical Views of Disease and Epidemics. Harvard. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
- ^ Guthrie, D.J.; Rhodes, P. "Verification of the germ theory". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
- ^ Major, D. "Antoine Bechamp, Pleomorphism and Microzymas". adistantmirror.com. Archived from the original on June 17, 2018.
- ^ Poehlman, Karl Horst (1997). "Synthesis of the Work of Enderlein, Bechamps and other Pleomorphic Researchers". Explore!. 8 (2). ISSN 1091-8361. Archived from the original on January 31, 1998.
- ^ Pizzi, R.A. "Apostles of cleanliness". the timeline. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
- ^ Pontin, Jason. "The 19th-Century Crank Who Tried to Tell Us About the Microbiome". Wired.
- ^ Madigan M; Martinko J, eds. (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-144329-1.
- ^ Gorski, David (2010-08-09). "Yes, there really are people who don't accept the germ theory of disease". Respectful Insolence. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
- ^ Crilip, Mark (2008-11-07). "It's just a theory". Science-Based Medicine. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
- ^ Fielder, J.L. (2001). Handbook of Nature Cure Volume One: Nature Cure vs. Medical Science; Chapter One: That Fallacious Germ Theory. Academy of Natural Living. ISBN 0958661146. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
- ^ "Vaccinations – Overview". Arizona Advanced Medicine. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
- ^ Hodkinson, J. "The history of germ theory". Big Picture Education. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
- ^ Hall, Harriet A. (2008-12-09). "'I Reject Your Reality' – Germ Theory Denial and Other Curiosities". science-based medicine. Retrieved 22 May 2018.