The 1988 presidential campaign of George H. W. Bush, the 43rd vice president of the United States under President Ronald Reagan, began when he announced he was running for the Republican Party's nomination in the 1988 U.S. presidential election on October 13, 1987.[1] Bush won the 1988 election against Democratic nominee Michael Dukakis on November 8, 1988. He was subsequently inaugurated as president on January 20, 1989.
| George H. W. Bush for President 1988 | |
|---|---|
| |
| Campaign | 1988 Republican primaries 1988 U.S. presidential election |
| Candidate | George H. W. Bush 43rd Vice President of the United States (1981–1989) Dan Quayle U.S. Senator from Indiana (1981–1989) |
| Affiliation | Republican Party |
| Status | Announced: October 13, 1987 Presumptive nominee: April 26, 1988 Official nominee: August 18, 1988 Won election: November 8, 1988 Inaugurated: January 20, 1989 |
| Headquarters | Washington, D.C. |
| Key people | Lee Atwater (campaign manager), Roger Ailes (media director) |
| Slogan | Experienced Leadership For America's Future Kinder, Gentler Nation |
Primaries
editBush's three main opponents in the 1988 Republican Party presidential primaries were Senator Bob Dole (R-KS); Pat Robertson, an evangelist; and Representative Jack Kemp (R-NY). Bush was long held back by the widespread perception of him as a "wimp" who had only ever done the bidding of others.[1][2] His efforts to fight this perception included recruiting Roger Ailes to emphasize Bush's status as a World War II veteran, which Ailes did by producing a biographical ad.[3]
In that year's Iowa caucus, held on February 8, 1988, Bush finished in third, behind winner Dole and runner-up Robertson. Bush's support then began to deteriorate, partly because former Secretary of State Alexander M. Haig Jr. had recently endorsed Dole. The Bush campaign then decided to produce an attack ad against Dole. Ailes got the idea to make an ad portraying Dole as a "straddler" on the issue of raising taxes, based on one of Dole's own ads describing Bush with the same word.[1][4]
Bush's campaign focused on building a "Firewall" in the Southern United States, a strategy that proved successful after he won multiple primaries there on March 8. Bush was also successful in winning the New Hampshire primary against Dole on February 16, partly with help from the state's then-governor John H. Sununu, who successfully convinced many political figures in the state to support Bush by offering them low-digit license plates.[5] Subsequently, Bush became the probable Republican nominee, completing a transformation of his status from loser to front-runner in 29 days.[4]
After Bush's convincing performance on Super Tuesday on March 8, in which he won all 16 primaries, Dole dropped out of the race, making Bush the presumptive Republican nominee.[2][6] After it became clear that Bush would be the Republican nominee, President Ronald Reagan endorsed him, saying in May 1988 that "I'm going to work as hard as I can to make Vice President George Bush the next president of the United States". Reagan did not campaign strongly for Bush during the rest of the election, however.[7]
Endorsements
edit- Celebrities
- Tony Danza, actor[8]
- Clint Eastwood, actor[8]
- Dale Evans, actress[8]
- Helen Hayes, actress[9]
- Bob Hope, comedian[8]
- Shirley Jones, actress[8]
- Cheryl Ladd, actress[8]
- Rich Little, comedian[9]
- Chuck Norris, actor[8]
- Hugh O'Brian, actor[8]
- Roy Rogers, singer and actor[8]
- Arnold Schwarzenegger, actor[8]
- Tom Selleck, actor[9]
- Frank Sinatra, singer[8]
- Robert Stack, actor[9]
Convention
editThe 1988 Republican National Convention was held in New Orleans, Louisiana. On the convention's second day, Bush announced that he had chosen Senator Dan Quayle (R-IN) as his running mate.[10] By the end of the convention, Bush had increased his poll numbers to comfortably surpass those of Dukakis, and he went on to maintain that lead during the rest of his campaign.[11]
Message
editBush did not promise any major changes to the policies of then-sitting President Reagan.[12] That year, the Republican Party platform stated, "Our platform reflects George Bush's belief that military strength, diplomatic resoluteness, and firm leadership are necessary to keep our country and our allies free."[13] During his acceptance speech, Bush uttered the phrase "Read my lips: no new taxes", which was written by Peggy Noonan and served as the speech's centerpiece. During Bush's presidency, this remark came back to haunt him because he went on to raise taxes during his presidency. The contradiction between Bush's words and subsequent actions as president formed the basis of an attack ad Bill Clinton ran against Bush in the former's successful 1992 presidential campaign.[14]
Personnel
editBush's campaign manager in 1988 was Lee Atwater, a political consultant who Bush subsequently named chair of the Republican National Committee after becoming the Republican nominee.[15] Shortly before his death, Atwater apologized for saying that he "would strip the bark off the little bastard [Dukakis]" and "make Willie Horton his running mate," telling Life that "I am sorry for both statements: the first for its naked cruelty, the second because it makes me sound racist, which I am not."[15] Bush's media advisor was Roger Ailes, who produced the "Revolving Door" attack ad for Bush's campaign. The ad was criticized by Democrats for being race-baiting.[16][17] In May 1988, Ailes and Atwater assembled two focus groups, each of which consisted of 15 likely Dukakis voters, and had the focus group leader read versions of Dukakis' past statements and positions. They found that saying this material reduced support for Dukakis in both groups. That fall, Bush focused extensively on the issues raised in these focus groups.[18]
Television advertising
editThe Bush campaign, and independent groups supporting it, made effective use of attack ads to reduce support for Dukakis. The most famous of these ads was the "Willie Horton" ad attacking Dukakis over Massachusetts' furlough program. Atwater persuaded Bush to go along with the ad by noting that Bush was behind Dukakis by 17 points at the time, warning him that "You can get so far behind that even a good campaign won't win it for you."[19]
Results
editBush did better in every southern state than Reagan had done in 1980.[20]
See also
edit- 1988 Republican Party presidential primaries
- 1988 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection
- 1988 Republican National Convention
- 1988 United States presidential election
- Presidential transition of George H. W. Bush
- Inauguration of George H. W. Bush
- Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign
- George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign
References
edit- ^ a b c "George H. W. Bush: Campaigns and Elections". Miller Center. Archived from the original on 2021-06-06. Retrieved 2017-10-31.
- ^ a b "United States presidential election of 1988". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2019-04-02. Retrieved 2017-10-31.
- ^ Battaglio, Stephen (2017-05-19). "How I Survived Roger Ailes' Wrath in 1988: 'He Wanted to Beat You Up a Little Bit'". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Archived from the original on 2017-10-26. Retrieved 2017-10-31.
- ^ a b Dionne, Mr (1988-03-17). "Bush vs. Dole: Behind the Turnaround". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2017-10-31.
- ^ Lozada, Carlos (2015-05-29). "The 1988 Bush Campaign's Secret Weapon for Victory? License Plates". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2018-01-04. Retrieved 2018-01-03.
- ^ "Can Donald Trump Sweep Super Tuesday?". Newsday. 2016-03-02. Archived from the original on 2018-12-15. Retrieved 2017-10-31.
- ^ Montanaro, Domenico (2016-07-05). "Why President Obama Campaigning for Clinton Is Historic". NPR. Archived from the original on 2017-12-14. Retrieved 2017-12-14.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Stars for Dukakis Blitz Pacific Coast". Orlando Sentinel. 10 October 1988. Archived from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
- ^ a b c d "Campaign '88 Gets the Star Treatment". Los Angeles Times. 7 June 1988. Archived from the original on 2024-04-07. Retrieved 2024-04-28.
- ^ Apple, R. W. Jr.; Times, Special to the New York (1988-08-17). "The Republicans in New Orleans; Bush Chooses Senator Quayle of Indians, a 41-Year-Old Conservative, for No. 2 Spot". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2017-11-01.
- ^ "Back in TIME for November 21, 1988". CNN. Archived from the original on 2006-12-20. Retrieved 2017-11-10.
- ^ Dionne, E. J. Jr. (1988-11-09). "The 1988 Elections; Bush Is Elected by a 6-5 Margin with Solid GOP Base in South; Democrats Hold Both Houses". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2021-09-05. Retrieved 2017-10-31.
- ^ "Republican Party Platforms: Republican Party Platform of 1988". Presidency.ucsb.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-10-11. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
- ^ "Top 10 Unfortunate Political One-Liners". Time. 2008-11-16. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on 2016-10-17. Retrieved 2017-11-10.
- ^ a b Oreskes, Michael; Times, Special to The New York (1991-03-30). "Lee Atwater, Master of Tactics for Bush and G.O.P., Dies at 40". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2020-05-03. Retrieved 2017-10-31.
- ^ "Roger Ailes Produced One of the Most Infamous Political Ads of All Time, and It Helped George H.W. Bush Win the Presidency". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 2017-10-25. Retrieved 2017-10-31.
- ^ Thabit, Paavo (1996-01-30). "Roger Ailes to Head Fox's New Venture". UPI. Archived from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2017-10-31.
- ^ Kaiser, Robert G. (2008-06-30). "How Focus Groups Reshaped the 1988 Presidential Campaign". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2018-11-26. Retrieved 2017-12-18.
- ^ Simon, Roger (2015-05-19). "The GOP and Willie Horton: Together Again". Politico. Archived from the original on 2017-12-14. Retrieved 2017-12-14.
- ^ Black & Black 2002, p. 26.