George Galphin (1708–1780) was an American businessman specializing in Indian Trade, an Indian Commissioner, and plantation owner who lived and conducted business in the colonies of Georgia and South Carolina, primarily around the area known today as Augusta, Georgia.
George Galphin | |
|---|---|
| Born | George Galphin 1709 Antrim, Ireland |
| Died | December 1780 (aged 70–71) Silver Bluff, South Carolina, United States |
| Occupation(s) | Indian trader Indian commissioner |
| Years active | 1737-1781 |
| Employer(s) | Brown, Rae, & Co. |
| Military career | |
| Rank | Commissioner of Indian Affairs |
| Wars | American Revolution |
Early life
editGalphin was born in County Antrim, Ireland in the early 18th century to Barbara and Thomas Galphin, a linen weaver by trade. Galphin was a Presbyterian of Scottish descent.[1] Galphin came to America in 1737, arriving at the port of Charleston, South Carolina. In the 1740s, Galphin found work from Brown, Rae, and Company, a trading firm based out of Augusta.[1][2]
Indian trader
editGeorge Galphin became a highly respected trader among the Lower Creek tribes in the Georgia and South Carolina region within a few years of arriving in America. Adair praised his skill in negotiating with the Creek to stay neutral during the French and Indian Wars (1760–1761).[3] Eventually he came to own the Silver Bluff trading post. In the 1760s he was involved in a project with fellow trader John Rae encouraging Irish immigration to the region. On the Georgia side of the Savannah River, these immigrants were encouraged to move onto a 50,000-acre (200 km2) tract of land called Queensborough.
Revolutionary War service
editDuring the American Revolution Galphin sided with the Continental Congress, serving as one of its Indian Commissioners for the South.[1] On May 1, 1776, the Creek Nation met as a whole with Galphin, who convinced the Creeks to remain neutral in the burgeoning conflict between the British and the revolutionaries. Galphin owed much of his importance to his Creek wife Metawney of Coweta, who ushered Galphin into the Creek world and facilitated his relationships with her clansmen like Escotchaby and Sempoyaffee, two of the primary headmen of the Lower Creeks during the mid to late eighteenth-century.[4] This successfully frustrated the efforts of the British to enlist sufficient Native American support throughout the South to overpower the comparatively small colonist population.[1][5] Henry Laurens credited Galphin for helping to secure both Georgia and South Carolina for the Revolution.[1] Joshua Reed Giddings, contemporary abolitionist and one of the founders of the Republican party, took a dimmer view in light of his legacy: "the term “Galphin” has since become synonymous with “peculation” upon the public Treasury”.[6]
Legacy
editFollowing his death in 1780, his estate became involved in protracted litigation. On November 23, 1792, William Dunbar, Galphin estate executor and assistant to Galphin during the Revolution, petitioned Congress on behalf of the Galphin estate for compensation for services rendered as Commissioner of Indian Affairs; the Senate declined to refer the petition to committee. His estate was at dispute in Milligan v. Milledge.[7] The estate eventually became the center of the Galphin Affair political scandal involving prominent political figures such as George W. Crawford.
References
edit- ^ a b c d e Morris, Michael P. (19 April 2006). "Galphin, George". The New Georgia Encyclopedia. Georgia Humanities Council and the University of Georgia Press. Archived from the original on 4 September 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
- ^ Morris, Michael (2002). "George Galphin: Portrait of an Early South Carolina Entrepreneur" (PDF). Proceedings of the South Carolina Historical Association. Columbia, South Carolina: South Carolina Historical Association: 29–44. Retrieved 23 March 2017 – via South Carolina State Library Digital Collections.
- ^ History of the American Indians by James Adair, pg 162
- ^ Galphin’s family and friends testified after his death that he “had a considerable and decided control and influence over the Indians … That this influence arose as well from his extensive and honorable trade amongst them, his connexion with one of their women of Indian family distinction, and by whom he had children, as for his kindness and hospitality toward the Indians, always receiving them with good humor and furnishing them amply with such necessaries, as they stood in need of at his hospitable dwelling at Silver Bluff as at his trading houses in the Indian nation.” “Bonds, Bills of Sale & Deeds of Gift,” October 27, 1809, Le Conte Genealogical Collection, 1900-1943, MS #71, Book D, Box 6, Folder 9: Galphin, Hargrett Rare Book & Manuscript Library, University of Georgia, Athens GA, 270-272.
- ^ Worthy, Larry. "The Creek Indians of Georgia, pt. II". Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ From: Joshua R. Giddings. “The Exiles of Florida / or, The crimes committed by our government against the Maroons, who fled from South Carolina and other slave states, seeking protection under Spanish laws." Footnote #5
- ^ 7 U. S. 220 (1805)